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ch 17 18 & 20 LE 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The layer of vascular tissue that consists of an endothelial lining and an underlying layer of connective tissue dominated by elastic fibers is the: | tunica interna |
| Smooth muscle fibers in arteries and veins are found in the | tunica media |
| One of the major characteristics of the arteris supplying peripheral tissues is that they are | Muscular |
| The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are | capillaries |
| The primary route for substances entering or leaving a continous capillary is | diffusion through gaps between adjacent endothelial cells |
| The unidirectional flow of blood in venules and medium-sized veins is maintained by | the presence of valves |
| The specialized arteries that are able to tolerate the pressure shock produced each time ventricular systole occurs and blood leaves the heart are | Elastic arteries |
| Of the following blood vessels, the greatest resistance to blood flow occurs in the | arterioles |
| If the systolic pressure is 120mm Hg and the diastolic pressure is 90 mmHg the mean arterial pressure is: | 100 mmHg |
| The distinctive sounds of Korotkoff heard when taking the blood pressure are produced by | Turbulences as blood flows past the constricted portion of the artery |
| When taking a blood pressure, the first sound picked up by the stethoscope as bloos pulses through the artery is the | peak systolic pressure |
| The most important determinant of vascular resistance is | Friction between the blood and the vessel wall. |
| What are all the factors that would increase bloow pressure? | increasing cardiac output increasing stroke volume increasing venous return increasing blood volume |
| The two major factors affecting blood flow rates are | pressure and resistance |
| The formula for F= P / R Flow = Pressure / Resistance | Increasing pressure, decreasing resistance, increasing flow. |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) reduces blood volume and pressure by: | Blocking release of ADH, stimulating peripheral vasodilation, and increasd water loss by kidneys. |
| The mechanisms that enhance short-terms adjustments and direct long-term changes in cardiovascular performance are: | neural adjustments |
| The regulatory mechanisms that cause immediate, localized homeostatic adjustments are | autoregulation |
| The central regulation of cardiac output primarily involves the activities of the | Autonomic nervous system |
| An increase in cardiac output normally occurs during | widespread sympathetic stimulation |
| Stimulation of the vasomotor center in the medulla causes ____ and inhibition of the vasomotor center causes _________. | stimulation of the vasomotor center causes vasoconstriction, inhibition of the vasomotor center causes vasodilation. |
| Hormonal regulation by vasopressin, epinephrine, angiotensin II and norepinephrine results in | Increasing in peripheral vasodilation |
| The three primary interrelated changes that occur as exercise begins are: | increasing vasodilation, increasing venous return, increasing cardiac output |
| The only area of the body where the blood supply is unaffected while exercising at maximum levels is the | brain |
| The four large blood vessels, two from each lung, that empty into the atrium, completing the pulmonary circuit are the | pulmonary veins |
| The blood vessels that provide blood to capillary networks that surround the alveoli in the lungs are | pulmonary arteries |
| Other than near the heart, the peripheral distributions of arteries and veins on the left and right sides are | generally identical on both sides |
| As the external iliac artery leaves the body trunk and enters the lower limb, it becomes the | femoral artery |
| The link between adjacent arteries or veins that reduces the impact of a temporary or permanent occulsion of a single blood vessel is | an anastomosis |
| The three elastic arteries that originiate along the aortic arch and deliver blood to the head, neck, shoulders, and arms are the | brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian |
| The large blood vessel that collects most of the venous blood from organs below the diaphragm is the | Inferior vena cava |
| The three blood vessels that provide blood to all of the digestive organs in the abdomniopelvic cavity are the | celiac artery and the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. |
| The diaphragm divides the descending aorta into | Branchiocephalic and carotid arteries |
| The three unpaired arteries originating from the abdominal aorta are the | Mediastinal, intercostal, and phrenic arteries |
| Except for the cardiac veins, all the body's systemic veins drain into either | Internal or external jugular veins |
| Blood from the tissues and organs of the head, neck, chest, shoulders and upper limbs is delivered to the | inferior vena cava |
| Blood from the lower limbs, the pelvis, and the lower abdomen is delivered to the | great saphenous vein |
| Blood leaving the capillaries supplied by the celiac, superior, and inferior msecenteric arteries flows into the | superior vena cava |
| The nutritional and respiratory needs of a fetus are provided by | the stomach and lungs of the fetus |
| In early fetal life, the forament ovale allows blood to flow freely from the | right atrium to left ventricle |
| in the adult, the ductus arteriosus persists as a fibrous cord called the | ligamentum arteriousm |
| You would expect anchoring filaments to open spaces between endothelial cells in lymph capillaries when | interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure is high. |
| The composition of lymph is most similar to | interstitial fluid. |
| The thoracic duct empties lymph into the | left subclavian vein |
| The cistema chyli is | a dilation at the beginning of the thoracic duct. |
| People who are confined to bed for long period of time often develop edema because | without skeletal muscle contraction to force lymph through lymphatic vessels, fluid tends to accumulate in interstitial spaces. |
| Which of the following correctly lists the structures according to the sequence of fluid flow? | blood capillaries, interstitial spaces, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic ducts, subclavian veins |
| Which of the following lists the structures in the correct order of lymph flow through a lymph node? | afferent lymphatic vessels, subcapsular sinus, trabecular sinus, medullary sinuses, efferent lymphatic vessels |
| One known function of the reticular epithehal cells of the thymus is to | produce and secrete thymic hormones. |
| Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are found in | the small intestine |
| Which of the following is considered to be a primary lymphatic organ? | red bone marrow |
| Which person most likely has the largest thymus gland? | 12-year-old |
| T cells and B cells are | lymphocytes |
| B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells in the | germinal centers of the lymph nodes |
| Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen? | site of stem cell maturation into T and B cells |
| The largest lymphatic organ is the | Spleen |
| A chemical that is produced by virus-infected cells and released to provide nonspecific antiviral protection to neighboring cells is | Interferon |
| Lysozyme is | an enzyme found in body fluids that flow over epithelial surfaces that destroy certain bacteria |
| Which of the following would most likely increase a person's risk of invasion by pathogenic microbes? | loss of epidermal tissue |
| The function of interferons is to | prevent viral replication |
| Which of the following is a nonspecific mechanism of resistance? | activation of the complement system via the alternative pathway |
| The swelling associated wit h inflammation is caused by | movement of fluid out of capillaries due to increased capillary permeability. |
| After phagocytosis, which cellular organelle attaches to the phagosome and digests it? | Lysosome |
| The following substances contribute to vasodilation, increased permeability, and other aspects of inflammation EXCEPT | epinephrine |
| Plasma cells are a form of | B cell |
| Antibody-mediated immunity is most effective against | antigens in body fluids |
| Antibodies are | gamma globulin glycoproteins |
| In cell-mediated immunity, the antigenic cell/molecule is destroyed by | Killer T cells |
| During specific immunity, competent T cells are activated by | Interleukin-1 |
| Antibodies are produced by | plasma cells |
| Cell mediated immunity is associated with | T Lymphocytes |
| Lymph nodes contain | both B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes |
| The thymus gland produces | T lymphocytes |
| Helper cells are associated with | T lymphocytes |
| This is a bean-shaped structure located along lymphatic vessel | Lymph nodes |
| Produces pre-T and B cells | Red bone marrow |
| This is the single largest mass of lymphatic tissue | Spleen |
| Responsible for maturation of T cells | Thymus |
| Differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cell | B cell |
| Causes lysis and death of foreign cells | Cytotoxic T cell |
| Cooperates with B cells to amplify antibody production | Helper T cell |
| Produces and secretes antibodies | Plasma cell |
| What is the equation for cardiac output? | Heart Rate x Stroke Volume |
| What is the average stroke volume? | 70ml |
| What is the average heart rate | 75bpm |
| A standard cardiac output with 70ml SV and 75bpm HR would equal? | 5250 ml/min |
| What are factors that affect sroke volume? | Preload, contractility, and afterload |
| What are factors that affect heart rate? | Autonomic nervous system (both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches) and horomones. |
| Preload is the | degree to which the walls of the ventricle are stretched |
| Preload is determined by | the end diastolic volume |
| Contractility is | the force of contraction of the heart at a given preload |
| Contractility is affected by | the autonomic nervous system and hormones |
| If preload and contractility increase, | stroke volume increases |
| If afterload decreases, | stroke volume increases |
| afterload is the | amount of force necessary to open the semilunar valve to eject blood. |
| Any factor that increases the resistance to blood flow, like vasoconstriction, will increase afterload | True |
| What does the parasympathetic nervous system release to decrease heart rate? | Fibers release acetylcholine to decrease heart rate |
| How does the sympathetic nervous system increase the rate and force of contraction? | These fibers release norepinenephrine which increases heart rate |
| Horomones that increase heart rate are | epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones, and glucagon |
| Atrial natruietic peptide | decreases fluid retention from the kidney = decreases blood volume, which decreases stroke volume and decreases cardiac output |
| What is the order of flow from arteriole to venule | arteriole >> precapillary sphincters >> meta arteriole >> true capillaries >> througough fare channel >> venule. |
| What are the three types of capillaries? | continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, and sinusoidal capillaries |
| at rest, blood flows through 50% of the vessels within a capillary bed. | False. at rest, blood flows through 25% of the vessels within a capillary bed. |
| What is the myogenic mechanism? | A process reliant on the smooth muscle cells in the walls of the arterioles when blood pressure fluctuates >>If pressure is too high in the arterioles, it will rush blood to the side of the venules which will not allow enough time for exchange. |
| Which nervous system promotes increased peripheral resistance and increased blood pressure through the vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles? | Sympathetic nervous system |
| What hormone is released to decrease blood pressure? | Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
| Which hormones work synergistically to retain water? | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone |
| The force that moves fluid out of capillaries is ________ pressure whereas the opposing force that moves fluid into capillaries is ________ pressure. | hydrostatic; osmotic |
| Vessel radius (diameter) is the most significant contributor to Total Peripheral Resistance (TRP). | True |
| Chemoreceptors respond to changes in blood pressure. | false, Baroreceptors respond to changes in blood pressure. |
| Which pressure is created by the presence of large proteins in the blood, such as albumin? | blood colloid osmotic pressure |
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babynugnug