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Respiratory System
An intro. to the structure and function of the components of the system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the respiratory system? | A biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants. |
| Define nasal cavity | Allow air to enter the respiratory system upon respiration. Structures within the cavity regulate the flow of air and particles it contains. The olfactory region of the nasal cavity regulates the sense of smell |
| Define pharynx | A cone-shaped passageway leading from the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx chamber serves both respiratory and digestive functions. |
| Define larynx | Located in the anterior neck. Other functions of the larynx include the production of sound (phonation), coughing, the Valsalva maneuver, and control of ventilation, and acting as a sensory organ |
| Define epiglottis | A flap of tissue that sits beneath the tongue at the back of the throat. Its main function is to close over the windpipe (trachea) while you're eating to prevent food entering your airway. |
| Define trachea | A passage for air, moistens and warms it while it passes into the lungs, and protects the respiratory surface from an accumulation of foreign particles. The trachea is lined with a moist mucous-membrane layer composed of cells containing called cilia. |
| Define ribs | The structural framework of the chest. |
| Define bronchi | The airways that lead from the trachea into the lungs and then branch off into progressively smaller structures until they reach the alveoli, the tiny sacs that allow for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. |
| Define bronchioles | The smaller branches of the bronchial airways in the respiratory tract. They include the terminal bronchioles, and finally the respiratory bronchioles that mark the start of the respiratory zone delivering air to the gas exchanging units of the alveoli. |
| Define alveoli | Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs). The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out. |
| Define intercostal muscles | Many different muscle groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. Involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing. These muscles help expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity to facilitate breathing. |
| Define lungs | A pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). |
| Define diaphragm | A large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continually, and most of the time, involuntarily. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges. |
| Describe the function of the pleural fluid. | The pleural cavity, with its associated pleurae, aids functioning of the lungs during breathing. It also contains pleural fluid, which acts as a lubricant and allows the pleurae to slide effortlessly against each other during respiratory movements. |
| Describe the difference between a primary bronchus and a tertiary bronchus. | Primary bronchi are located in the upper portion of the lungs, with secondary bronchi near the center of the lungs. Tertiary bronchi are located near the bottom of these organs, just above the bronchioles. No gas exchanges occur in any of the bronchi. |
| Explain the importance of the convolutions the mucus membranes in the nasal cavity. | |
| Explain how the airways in the respiratory system and similar to the branches on a tree. | The bronchi themselves branch many times into smaller airways, ending in the narrowest airways (bronchioles), which are as small as one half of a millimeter (or 2/100 of an inch) across. |
| Compare and contrast the structure of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. | The trachea divides into two main bronchi. Structurally similar to the trachea, the two primary bronchi are located inside the lungs. The secondary bronchi branch off to form the tertiary bronchi, which are further divided into terminal bronchioles. |
| Describe what happens to the pressure of air in the lungs during inspiration. | The diaphragm contracts and the thoracic cavity increases in volume. This decreases the intra alveolar pressure so that air flows into the lungs. |
| List the steps that occur during inspiration. | (1) Intercostal muscles contract, extending rib cage upwards and outwards. Diaphragm contracts, extending chest cavity downwards. (2) Lung volume increases. (3) Air flows from higher pressure to lower pressure in lungs. |
| Lou Gehrig's disease, also called motor neurone disease, can cause paralysis of the diaphragm. Predict the effects of this on the body, justifying your answer. | |
| Describe the movement of oxygen between the air and the blood. | Inhaled oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood in the capillaries, and carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries to the air in the alveoli. |
| Explain why the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli is higher than in the air within the alveoli. | The partial pressure of oxygen is high in the alveoli and low in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries. As a result, oxygen diffuses across the respiratory membrane from the alveoli into the blood. |
| Explain why it is important that there is a constant flow of blood through the capillaries surrounding the alveoli. | The alveoli and capillaries both have very thin walls, which allow the oxygen to pass from the alveoli to the blood. The capillaries then connect to larger blood vessels, called veins, which bring the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. |
| Explain how the pleural fluid plays an important role in gas exchange. | The pleura Between the two layers is the intrapleural space, which normally contains fluid secreted by the membranes. This allows the two layers to slide easily over one another as the lungs inflate and deflate during respiration. |
| Name the process that results in the alveoli breaking down and reducing the surface area. | |
| Describe the changes that occur in the bronchioles during an asthma attack. | The muscle wall contracts and the lining of the airways becomes swollen and inflamed. This causes a narrowing of the airways which is further aggravated by an increase in secretions from the mucous membrane, which may actually block the smaller airways. |
| List the most common causes of lung cancer. | Smoking tobacco, second-hand (passive) smoking, exposure to asbestos, exposure to radon (radioactive gas), exposure to occupational substances such as arsenic, cadmium, nickel, diesel fumes and soot, family history. |
| List the steps that occur during expiration. | (1) Rib cage moves down and inwards. Diaphragm relaxes, pushing up into chest cavity. (2) Lung volume decreases. (3) Air flows from higher pressure in lungs to lower pressure outside. |
Created by:
22JCHAL
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