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Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| T/ Collection of organs that functions in ingestion and digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, propulsion of digested food, and defecation. | Digestive System |
| What are the two types of organs of the digestive system? | Alimentary Canal and Accessory Organs |
| T/ A series of hollow organs through which food passes as it is ingested, digested, and absorbed. | Alimentary Canal |
| What six organs are part of the alimentary canal? | Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, and small intestine. |
| What six organs are classified as accessory organs? | Teeth, salivary glands, tongue, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. |
| Food generally does not come into direct contact with accessory organs. Which two accessory organs are the exception? | Teeth and tongue |
| What are the six basic functions of the digestive system? | Ingestion, Secretion, Propulsion, Digestion, Absorption, Defecation |
| T/ Food and water are brought into the digestive system by this process. | Ingestion |
| T/ Organs of the digestive system contain endocrine and exocrine glands to help with this basic function. | Secretion |
| T/ Ingested food and liquids pass from one digestive organ to the next by this process. | Propulsion |
| T/ Rhythmic contractions of layers of smooth muscle that move material through a hollow organ. | Peristalsis |
| T/ Process of breaking down a substance into smaller subunits. | Digestion |
| What are the two types of digestion? | Mechanical and Chemical |
| T/ When digestive organs physically break food down into smaller pieces via processes such as chewing. | Mechanical Digestion |
| T/ The process by which enzymes are secreted by digestive organs which catalyze reactions that break down chemical bonds in food particles. | Chemical Digestion |
| T/ Transport of a substance across an epithelial lining into the bloodstream. | Absorption |
| T/ Process by which ingested materials that are not usable by the body exit the alimentary canal. | Defecation |
| T/ Set of double serous membranes around several abdominal organs, consists of the inner visceral layer and the outer parietal layer. | Peritoneum |
| Between the visceral and parietal peritoneum is what area filled with fluid? | Peritoneal cavity |
| What is the function of the serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity? | Lubricate organs, reduce friction |
| T/ Abdominal organs located entirely within the peritoneal cavity. | Intraperitoneal |
| T/ Abdominal organs located partly or completely outside the peritoneal cavity. | Retroperitoneal |
| T/ Multiple folds of visceral peritoneum located around some abdominal organs. | Mesenteries |
| What are the two functions of the mesenteries? | Support and bind abdominal organs together. Keep small intestine in a particular shape that fits within the abdominopelvic cavity. |
| What are the two mesenteries? | Greater and lesser omentum |
| T/ Mesentery that extends from the base of the stomach to the pelvis. | Greater omentum |
| The greater omentum consists of how many layers of folded visceral peritoneum? | Four |
| T/ Mesentery that extends from the medial surface of the stomach to the liver. | Lesser omentum |
| T/ Collection of blood vessels that supplies and drains the digestive organs in the abdominopelvic cavity. | Splanchnic Circulation |
| What three branches of the abdominal aorta supply the digestive organs with arterial blood? | Celiac trunk. Superior and Inferior mesenteric artery |
| The digestive organs are drained by a set of veins that drain into what? | Hepatic portal vein |
| From the hepatic portal vein, where does blood go? | Liver for processing |
| How does blood drain from the liver? | Hepatic Veins |
| Trace the blood flow to the digestive organs and back to the heart. | Abdominal Aorta -> Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery-> digestive organs -> Set of veins -> hepatic portal vein -> Liver -> Hepatic veins -> Inferior Vena Cava |
| T/ Cluster of nerves. | Plexus |
| What are the three main clusters of nerves that serve the abdominal digestive organs? | Celiac plexus, inferior mesenteric plexus, superior mesenteric plexus. |
| T/ A branch of the ANS that extends from the esophagus to the anus and regulates secretion and motility of the digestive organs. | Enteric Nervous System |
| T/ Space inside a hollow organ. | Lumen |
| What are the four main layers (from deep to superficial) of most of the organs of the alimentary canal? | Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa (Adventitia) |
| T/ Innermost tissue layer of alimentary canal organs, lined with epithelium. | Mucosa |
| What type of cells in the mucosa have a high rate of mitosis to replace damaged or lost epithelial cells? | Regenerative epithelial cells |
| T/ Layer of alimentary canal histology, dense irregular connective tissue with blood and lymphatic vessels and glands. | Submucosa |
| T/ Nerve clusters of the ENS found in the submucosa. | Submucosal plexus |
| T/ Thick muscular layer in alimentary canal organs that is composed of two layers of smooth muscle. | Muscularis externa |
| What nerve cluster of the ENS regulates the motility of the muscularis externa? | Myenteric Plexus |
| What is the serosa layer of the histology of the GI tract also known as? | Visceral peritoneum |
| What type of tissue makes up the adventitia? | Dense irregular connective tissue |
| What is the function of the serosa/adventitia? | Anchor organs to surrounding structures |
| T/ Movement of a cell or tissue. | Motility |
| What 4 areas of the alimentary canal is motility controlled by skeletal muscle? | Oral cavity, pharynx, superior esophagus, last portion of large intestine. |
| Motility is the work of what type of muscle everywhere but the oral cavity, pharynx, superior esophagus, and last portion of large intestine? | Smooth muscle |
| What are the 4 forms of motility? | Swallowing, churning, peristalsis, and defecation |
| What are the functions stimulated by the ENS known as? Why? | short reflexes, because reflex pathways are confined to local neurons |
| What are the functions stimulated by the ANS known as? Why? | Long reflexes, because they must travel outside local digestive neurons to the CNS |
| What type of hormones regulate digestive processes? | Paracrines |
| T/ Moistened, partially digested ball of ingested food that is swallowed and transported to the stomach. | Bolus |
| What type of epithelium lines the oral cavity? | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| T/ Roof of the oral cavity. | Palate |
| Why is the surface of the hard palate rough? | Aid in mechanical digestion |
| T/ Projection of the soft palate, seals off nasopharynx when swallowing. | Uvula |
| T/ Process of chewing. | Mastication |
| Which type of teeth are responsible for cutting food? | Incisors |
| Which type of teeth are responsible for ripping and tearing food? | Canines |
| Which type of teeth are responsible for grinding food? | Molars |
| What type of muscle makes up the tongue? | Skeletal muscle |
| T/ Structure that attaches the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity. | Lingual Frenulum |
| T/ Set of three pairs of glands around the oral cavity that secrete saliva into it. | Salivary Glands |
| Which pair of salivary glands secrete 25-30% of all saliva? | Parotid glands |
| Which pair of salivary glands secrete 65-70% of all saliva? | Submandibular glands |
| Which pair of salivary glands secrete 5% of all saliva? | Sublingual glands |
| What is the basic secretory cell of the salivary glands? | Acinar cell |
| What are the two types of acinar cells and where are they? | Serous cells and mucous cells, Salivary glands |
| Where are serous cells located and what do they secrete? | Salivary glands, water-based fluid with enzymes |
| Where are mucous cells located and what do they secrete? | Salivary glands, mucus |
| Which type of cells do the parotid glands have? | Serous cells |
| Which type of cells do the submandibular glands have? | Mostly serous cells, small number of mucous cells |
| Which type of cells do the sublingual glands have? | Mostly mucous cells |
| What 7 components make up saliva? | Water, electrolytes, mucus, salivary amylase, lysozyme, IgA, bicarbonate ions |
| What is the function of salivary amylase? | Catalyzes beginning of carbohydrate digestion |
| What is the function of lysozyme? | Perforation of bacterial plasma membranes |
| What is the function of bicarbonate ions in saliva? | Neutralize any acid from the stomach that regurgitates into the esophagus |
| What division of the ANS causes salivation? | Parasympathetic |
| Which parts of the pharynx are part of the alimentary canal? | Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx |
| What does the pharynx function in? | Propulsion |
| How many pairs of skeletal muscles surround the pharynx? | 3 |
| T/ Tubular organ that transmits food from the pharynx to the stomach. | Esophagus |
| T/ Glands in the esophagus's mucosa and submucosa that secrete mucus to lubricate the bolus. | Esophageal glands |
| Explain the muscle organization in the esophagus. | Superior third- skeletal muscle Middle third- Both skeletal and smooth muscle Inferior third- Smooth muscle |
| Which sphincter lies between the pharynx and the esophagus? | Upper esophageal sphincter |
| Which sphincter lies between the esophagus and the stomach? | Gastroesophageal sphincter |
| What are the two basic functions of the esophagus? | propulsion and secretion |
| T/ Specialized type of propulsion that pushes bolus from oral cavity to the esophagus and stomach. | Deglutition |
| What are the three phases of swallowing? | Voluntary phase, Pharyngeal phase, Esophageal phase |
| What occurs during the voluntary phase of swallowing? | Tongue pushes bolus posteriorly toward oropharynx |
| What occurs during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing? | Bolus enters oropharynx, soft palate and epiglottis seal off respective openings. |
| What occurs during the esophageal phase of swallowing? | Peristaltic waves move bolus down the esophagus to the stomach |
| What part of the brainstem regulates the swallowing reflex? | Medulla oblongata |
| T/ Organ that is responsible for chemical and mechanical digestion, secretion, and propulsion. | Stomach |
| T/ Region where the esophagus empties into the stomach. | Cardia |
| T/ Dome-shaped top of the stomach. | Fundus |
| T/ Inferior portion of the stomach. | Pyloric antrum |
| T/ Terminal portion of the stomach. | Pylorus |
| Which sphincter lies between the stomach and the small intestine? | Pyloric sphincter |
| Which tissue layers of the stomach are modified? | Mucosa and Muscularis externa |
| What is different about the muscularis externa in the stomach? | Contains three layers of muscle, not two. |
| What function does the modified muscularis externa of the stomach allow? | Churning |
| T/ A liquid mixture that results from the stomach churning a bolus and mixing it with gastric juice. | Chyme |
| What is different about the mucosa in the stomach? | Heavily indented to form gastric pits |
| T/ Deep structures in the mucosa of the stomach. | Gastric pits |
| What is located between gastric pits? | Columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus |
| What is the function of the mucus secreted by the columnar epithelial cells between the gastric pits in the stomach? | Lines and protects the cells of the stomach from its own secretions. |
| What is located at the base of gastric pits in the stomach? | Gastric glands |
| T/ Enzyme-containing, acidic fluid that gastric glands secrete into the lumen of the stomach. | Gastric juice |
| What are the 4 cell types located in gastric glands? | Mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, DNES or G cells |
| What is the function of mucous neck cells in gastric glands? | Secrete mucus |
| What is the function of parietal cells in gastric glands? | Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor |
| T/ Chemical produced by parietal cells required for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 | Intrinsic factor |
| What is the relationship between hydrochloric acid and pepsin? | Acid is needed to activate inactive pepsinogen into pepsin |
| What is the function of chief cells in gastric glands? | Secretes pepsinogen |
| What does pepsin begin in the stomach? | Protein digestion |
| What is the function of G or DNES cells in gastric glands? | Secrete gastrin |
| T/ Hormone that works with histamine to stimulate acid secretion from parietal cells. | Gastrin |
| What are the three phases of acid secretion from the stomach? | Cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase |
| What is the initial stimulus for the cephalic phase? | Smell, sight, thought, or taste of food |
| What occurs during the cephalic phase? | Thoughts, smell, taste of food cause vagus nerve stimulation which ultimately increases parietal secretion of hydrochloric acid. |
| What are the four main effects of the cephalic phase? | Direct stimulation of acid release, stimulation of G cells for gastrin secretion, stimulation of histamine secretion, inhibition of somatostatin |
| What is the initial stimuli for the gastric phase? | When food enters stomach, and partially digested proteins in gastric juice |
| What occurs during the gastric phase? | Partially digested proteins stimulate vagus nerve and ENS to stimulate G cells to produce gastrin which increases acid secretion. This activates pepsin, which catalyzes protein digestion. |
| What is the stimulus for the intestinal phase? | Presence of partially digested proteins in the fluid entering the small intestine |
| What stimulatory effect occurs during the intestinal phase? How long does it last? | Partially digested proteins stimulate DNES cells in the SI to release intestinal gastrin Brief effects |
| T/ Reflex during the intestinal phase caused by a declining pH and presence of lipids in the duodenum. | Enterogastric reflex |
| What is the function of the enterogastric reflex? | Decreases vagal activity and acid secretion |
| What 2 hormones are released during the intestinal phase due to a low pH? What are their functions? | Secretin and Gastric Inhibitory Peptide Both reduce acid secretion |
| What three actions are enabled by the motility of the stomach? | Receptive function Churning function Emptying function |
| T/ Part of the receptive function of the stomach, when the smooth muscle of the stomach relaxes to allow the stomach to fill. | Receptive relaxation |
| Describe the receptive function of the stomach. | Motility of the stomach allows it to expand and fill with food and liquid |
| What are the three parts of the churning function of the stomach? | 1. Stomach's smooth muscle begins peristaltic contractions and propels a small amount of chyme through the pyloric sphincter 2. Peristaltic waves churn and mix remaining chyme 3. Process repeats as some chyme is propelled through the pyloric sphincter |
| Describe the emptying function of the stomach. | Motility of the stomach allows there to be much control over gastric emptying. |
| What are the two reasons why chyme must be mixed thoroughly in the duodenum? | 1. Chyme is acidic, and duodenum must mix it with bicarbonate ions to avoid damaging intestinal mucosa 2. Chyme is generally very concentrated and must be diluted with water so that it does not draw water into SI lumen from body cells |
| T/F the emptying function of the stomach is slow. | True |
| What four main processes occur in the small intestine? | Secretion, digestion, absorption, and propulsion |
| T/ Cells of the small intestine, produce multiple digestive enzymes, hormones, and mucus. | Enterocytes |
| From top to bottom, what are the three divisions of the small intestine? | Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
| T/ Small intestine segment into which bile and pancreatic juice are secreted | Duodenum |
| T/ Specialized glands in the duodenum that produce an alkaline mucus to protect against the acidic chyme. | Duodenal glands |
| T/ Small intestine segment that is the most active site of chemical digestion and absorption | Jejunum |
| T/ Small intestine segment that terminates at the cecum. | Ileum |
| T/ Sphincter that controls movement of materials from the ileum to the cecum | Ileocecal valve |
| What is the function of the three folds in the small intestine? | Increase surface area for absorption |
| What are the largest type of folds in the small intestine? What is its function? | Circular folds, enhance absorption |
| T/ In the small intestine, mucosa folds into projections that increase surface area for absorption. | Villi |
| T/ Smallest folds in the small intestine, found in plasma membrane of enterocytes, highly folded extensions that increase surface area for absorption. | Microvilli |
| What appearance do the microvilli give on the small intestine? | Brush border |
| What two types of movement does the small intestine undergo while eating? | Peristalsis and segmentation |
| T/ Movement in the small intestine that involves contractions of smooth muscle producing a squeezing motion that allows chyme to thoroughly mix with digestive juices. | Segmentation |
| T/ Hormone that stimulates motility of the small intestine. | Serotonin |
| T/ Organ that is the last part of the alimentary canal and is responsible for the absorption of substances such as water and electrolytes. | Large intestine |
| What processes occur in the large intestine? | Defecation, Absorption, Secretion, Propulsion |
| What are the three parts of the large intestine? | Cecum, Colon, Rectum |
| What pouch is a part of the cecum and contains lymphatic nodules? | Vermiform appendix |
| What are the four parts of the colon? | Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon |
| T/ Horizontal folds in the walls in the rectum which allow the passage of gas without risking simultaneous passage of feces. | Rectal valves |
| Where does the rectum end? | anal canal |
| Which anal sphincter is involuntary? | Internal anal sphincter |
| Which anal sphincter is voluntary? | external anal sphincter |
| What is the external anal sphincter consist of? | Skeletal muscle |
| What are the four main functions of bacteria in the large intestine? | Produce vitamins, Metabolize undigested materials, Deter growth of harmful bacteria, immunity |
| Which vitamin helps in blood clotting and is produced by bacteria in the large intestine? | Vitamin K |
| What part of the large intestine is the site of water and electrolyte absorption? | Proximal large intestine |
| What two types of motility are found in the proximal large intestine? | Segmentation and mass movement |
| What triggers segmentation in the large intestine? | ENS and stretch |
| What occurs during mass movement? | Large contractions of the smooth muscle of the large intestine that propels contents towards the distal large intestine |
| How many times a day does mass movement occur? | 3-4x |
| What is mass movement triggered by? | Consumption of food |
| T/ Reflex arc triggered by the presence of feces in the anus, mediated by the parasympathetic NS | Defecation reflex |
| What are the three steps to the defecation reflex? | 1. Stretch receptors transmit info to spinal cord 2. Parasympathetic neurons cause smooth muscle in sigmoid colon and rectum to contract 3. Cerebral cortex triggers anal sphincter relax, and contraction of levator ani |
| T/ Endocrine and exocrine gland that secretes enzymes for digestion and hormones | Pancreas |
| What cells of the pancreas secrete exocrine secretions? | Acinar cells |
| What runs down the middle of the pancreas and receives secretions from acinar cells? | Main pancreatic duct |
| Where does the main pancreatic duct empty? | Duodenum |
| What type of cells are acinar cells? | Modified simple cuboidal cells. |
| T/ Clusters of acinar cells in the pancreas. | Acini |
| T/ Liquid consisting of water, bicarbonate ions, and enzymes produced by acinar cells and are released into the small intestine. | Pancreatic juice |
| Is pancreatic juice acidic or alkaline? Why? | Alkaline, because acinar cells secrete bicarbonate ions |
| Which macromolecules are digested by pancreatic juice? | All four of them |
| T/ Hormone that triggers the secretion of digestive enzymes and other proteins from the pancreas | Cholecystokinin |
| T/ Hormone that triggers duct cells to secrete bicarbonate ions | Secretin |
| T/ Large organ that functions in metabolism, filtering blood from abdominal organs, and bile production | Liver |
| T/ Small organ that stores and releases bile. | Gall Bladder |
| How many lobes make up the liver? | 4 |
| T/ Indention in the liver where blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the common hepatic duct enter and exit the liver. | Porta Hepatis |
| What is the basic unit of the liver? | Liver lobule |
| T/ Cells arranged in a hexagon shape in liver lobules. | Hepatocytes |
| T/ At each of the six corners of a liver lobule, this term collectively describes three structures including a hepatic arteriole, portal venule, and a small bile duct. | Portal triad |
| What is the liver's main digestive function? | Produce bile |
| T/ Liquid containing water, electrolytes, and organic compounds such as bile salts. Required for digestion and absorption of lipids. | Bile |
| Describe the flow of bile through the liver | Hepatocytes -> bile canaliculi -> bile duct |
| Describe blood flow through the liver. | Hepatic arteriole and portal venule -> hepatic sinusoids (very permeable, allows for nutrient processing in liver) -> central vein in lobule |
| T/ When bile salts from the liver coat lipids and physically break them apart into smaller pieces. | Emulsification |
| T/ Waste product that results from the breakdown of hemoglobin by the spleen and is excreted through bile | Bilirubin |
| What is bilirubin converted into by the bacteria in the large intestine? | Urobilinogen |
| What is urobilinogen converted into by bacteria in the large intestine? | Stercobilin |
| What waste product is responsible for the brown color of feces? | Stercobilin |
| What is the detoxification function of the liver? | Detoxifies substances produced by the body and detoxifies substances we eat and drink. Liver converts toxins into less harmful materials that can be excreted. |
| What are the stimuli for bile production and release? | Cholecystokinin, bile salts |
| T/F Bile is an enzyme | False |
| What are bile salts derived from? | Cholesterol |
| Where does the gallbladder release bile into? | Cystic duct |
| What is formed when the cystic duct joins the common hepatic duct? | Common bile duct |
| Where does the common bile duct join the main pancreatic duct? | Hepatopancreatic ampulla |
| T/ Reactions that are commonly used by digestive enzymes that use a water molecule to break a chemical bond | Hydrolysis reactions |
| How does carbohydrate digestion begin? | In the mouth with salivary amylase |
| Where does carbohydrate digestion occur? | Mouth and small intestine |
| What enzyme in the small intestine helps break down carbohydrates? | Pancreatic amylase |
| T/ Three enzymes that are produced by enterocytes and complete carbohydrate digestion. | Lactase, maltase, sucrase |
| How does protein digestion begin? | In the stomach, pepsin |
| Where does protein digestion occur? | Stomach and small intestine |
| What types of enzymes break down protein in the small intestine? | Pancreatic enzymes and brush border enzymes |
| What is the first pancreatic enzyme to be activated which helps protein breakdown in the small intestine? | Trypsin |
| How does lipid digestion begin? | In stomach with gastric lipase |
| How do bile salts aid in lipid digestion? | Bile salts mix with lipids, physically breaks up lipids through emulsification |
| What enzyme in the stomach aids in lipid digestion? | Gastric lipase |
| What mechanical digestion methods are used to break up lipids? | Mastication in mouth, churning in stomach, segmentation in SI to break up lipids |
| How does lipid digestion continue after gastric lipase? | Emulsification by bile salts |
| What occurs to lipids after emulsification? | Pancreatic lipase catalyzes reactions that digest lipids |
| T/ A small vesicle composed of an outer layer of bile salts surrounding an inner core of chemically digested lipids. | Micelle |
| What are the complex steps of lipid absorption? | 1. Micelles escort lipids to the enterocyte plasma membrane 2. Lipids enter the cytosol 3. Lipids are reassembled and packaged into chylomicrons 4. Chylomicrons are released into the interstitial fluid and enter a lacteal |
| T/ Large particle composed of broken down lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and proteins that delivers dietary lipids to cells. | Chylomicrons |
| Where do nucleic acids begin digesting? | Small intestine |
| What pancreatic enzymes help break up nucleic acids? | Nucleases |
| Where does water absorption occur? | Small and large intestine |
| Where are most electrolytes absorbed? | Small intestine |
| Which type of vitamin is absorbed by the small intestine? | Water soluble vitamins |
| Which type of vitamin is absorbed through micelles? | Fat soluble vitamins |
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