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Vet Nutrition II
Review from Quizzes: Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a key nutritional factor? | An aspect of the diet that is manipulated to manage a specific disease process. |
| ___ fiber is fermented into short chain fatty acids that feed colonic endothelium. | Soluble |
| If a urinalysis reveals a specific type of crystal in the urine, why might a urolith in the same patient reveal different composition? (3) | Urine composition changes quickly with diet. The crystals may not be present in the animal's both but a artifact resulting from refrigeration. A urolith may have a center of one crystal matrix and a shell of a different composition. |
| When monitoring an animal's gastrointestinal health, a technician should note and record? (4) | Volume of feces. Consistency of feces. Frequency of BMs. Exertion at defecation. |
| A clinical sign consistent with large bowel disease is? | Straining to defecate (tenesmus) |
| A key nutritional factor for gastric/small intestinal disease is? | Highly digestible protein |
| What are three goals of managing struvite uroliths in the cat? | Acidic urine pH. Dilute urine (<1.03). Low magnesium and phosphorus. MAP + increase water intake. |
| The goals of managing struvite crystals in the dog are: | treat the underlying bacterial infection of the bladder. |
| How are key nutritional factors of a diet manipulated to manage disease? | Removal of excessive intake of certain nutrients. Adding unique nutrients to create a physiologic response. Increasing levels of specific nutrients. |
| What is the function of insoluble fiber in the diet? | Absorbs toxins. Regulates GI motility. Absorbs water. |
| Regarding Diabetes mellitus in small animals, dogs usually have: | Type I: Decreased insulin production |
| The most common predisposing factor of Diabetes mellitus in cats is: | Obesity |
| Name three common triggers for Pancreatitis in dogs: | Hyperlipidemia (Schnauzer breed). High fat meal or hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's Disease). Certain drugs (corticosteroids) or low perfusion to the pancreas. |
| What is a common trigger for pancreatitis in cats? | Ascending inflammation from IBD or cholangiohepatitis. |
| Cats with Pancreatitis are at risk for which secondary complication? | Hepatic Lipidosis |
| Therapeutic nutrition for dogs with or at risk for pancreatitis should include? (3) | Ultra low fat. Increased carnitine. Increased antioxidants. |
| What urolith type can be dissolved with a therapeutic diet? | Struvite (magnesium phosphate) |
| What site within the alimentary system most commonly causes regurgitation? | Esophagus |
| What site within the alimentary system most commonly causes large volumes of fluid feces. | Small intestines. |
| What site within the alimentary system most commonly causes vomiting? | Stomach |
| What site within the alimentary system most commonly causes bright red blood or mucous on the surface of feces? | Large intestine (Colon) |
| Nutrogenomics is the study of: | Nutrition effecting gene expression |
| The most common malnutrition in small animals is: | Obesity |
| When monitoring a patient after an initiation of a weight loss plan (diet change and exercise) when should the veterinary team check the status of the patient? | 2 day, 2 week, and monthly after the visit |
| Adipose tissue disrupts body homeostasis by: (3) | Producing inflammatory cytokines. Causing mechanical stress on the joints, heart, and organs. Producing acute phase proteins. |
| Which hormone is exclusively produced by white at tissue. | Leptin |
| What are three hormonal consequences of obesity? | Leptin resistance prevents satiety (the feeling of stomach being full). Leptin production causes damage to joint cartilage. Insulin resistance causing hyperglycemia. |
| What are three common health complications associated with obesity? | Pancreatitis, heart disease, and respiratory disease in dogs. Respiratory disease, joint disease, and infertility in dogs. Type II Diabetes mellitus, joint disease, and urinary tract disease in cats. |
| If you calculate the caloric needs of "Dynamo" a 10 week old puppy to be 550 kcal daily and his puppy kibble is: 414 kcal/cup, how much should he be fed per meal if he is fed 4x day. | 0.33 cups or 1/3 measuring cup. |
| True or false: restricted protein/high fat diets should only be fed to animals with liver disease if they are encephalopathic. | True |
| Therapeutic nutrition for renal failure includes: | Low protein levels to decrease workload on the kidneys |
| List two possible goals of treating patient with liver failure. | Provide optimum environment for hepatic recovery. Control complications of disease such as hepatic encephalopathy, coagulopathies, anorexia/weight loss, gastrointestinal ulcers, or ascites. |
| True or false: SAMe is a nutriceutical that is useful for inflammatory diseases such as hepatic lipidosis. | True |
| True or false: Patients with liver disease may become depleted of Vitamin K. | True |
| True or false: Silymarin (Milk Thistle) has shown effectiveness in the treatment of dogs with liver disease due to mushroom toxicity. | True |
| True or false: diets to treat renal or liver failure may cause pancreatitis in dogs. | True |
| An animal that presents with a hx of vomiting 3x in the last 24 hours should be initially treated with? | NPO - No food for 24 hours and fluid support. |
| An animal with a presentation of large intestinal diarrhea should be fed: | A diet high in insoluble fiber |
| Name two characteristics of small intestinal diarrhea. | Large volumes of diarrhea. 1-2 x/day Infrequent. |
| Name two characteristics of large intestinal (colon) diarrhea. | Small volumes of diarrhea. 3-10x/day. Frequent. |
| Recommended Therapeutic nutrition of Diabetes mellitus in pets is: | High protein. Complex carbohydrates in cats |
| What stimulates pancreatic enzyme release in the pancreas (3)? | Food in stomach. Smell of food. Sight of food. |
| Therapeutic nutrition for dogs with (or at risk for) pancreatitis should include (3): | Ultra low fat. Carnitine. Antioxidants. |
| List two supportive care steps for a dog with severe pancreatitis. | Aggressive IV fluids. Pain and Nausea control. NPO until blood tests are normal. Low fat diet for a minimum of two weeks after blood tests are normal. May need to be continued. |
| What vitamin deficiency is associated with immune system dysfunction? | Vitamin A deficiency |
| Food allergies are caused by: | Glycoproteins (large molecules) |
| What are three clinical signs of food/allergies? | Vomiting and/or diarrhea. Otitis externa. Pruritis (licking of the feet in dogs). |
| List two reasons why the veterinary team may need to begin assisted feeding measures on an animal. | Mechanical dysfunction. Increased nutrient requirements. |
| What is the most accurate way to diagnose a food allergy. | Elimination diet trial |
| What are the therapeutic options (KNF) for treating an animal with food allergies (2). | Novel protein/Novel carbohydrate. Hydrolyzed protein diet (<10,000 daltons). |
| What are two risk factors for an animal to develop food allergies? | Poor quality (hard to digest) protein. Damage to the mucosal barrier. |
| What are two indications for a Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrotomy (PEG) tube? | Megaesophagus. Hepatic Lipidosis. |
| Measurements for placement of a nasogastric feeding tube should be from: | The tip of the nose to the last rib. |
| When utilizing a PEG tube in cats, owners should be warned that: | tubes occasionally become obstructed with food and can be cleared with 5 mL of flat cola dwelling in the tube for 30 minutes. |
| True or false: parenteral nutrition is administered by sterile technique: Dextrose, Lipid, Amino acids. | True |
| List a pro and a con of utilizing a nasogastric tube. | Pro: Relatively easy to place and able to administer food directly to the stomach. Con: High risk of regurgitation leading to aspiration if outside the stomach (within the esophagus at the cardia) or fed too much. |
| Cartilage damage of Degenerative Disc Disease (DJD) is caused by: | Aggrecanases |
| Degenerative disc disease is also known as: | Osteoarthritis |
| True or false: Glucosamine and Chondroitin improve the quality of joint fluid. | True |
| When designing a diet/supplement for fighting inflammation (such as DJD), what is true about the relationship between Omega-3 and Omega-6. | Omega-3 > Omega-6 |
| What are the key nutritional factors in a diet to manage DJD? (3) | High EPA (Eicosapentaenic acid). Added antioxidants. High Carnitine. |
| List 3 non-surgical modalities for treating DJD? (3) | Modify activity level (low joint stress) and weight reduction. Medications & Supplements: NSAIDs, Nutriceuticals, and Nutrition management. Physical Rehabilitation. |
| ___ deposition and ___ levels can not be corrected with diet. | Amyloid. Dopamine. |
| Dopamine levels can be modified with medication. Name one: | Selegeline |
| True or false: diet may alter free radical accumulation in the brain and there is evidence this results in improvement in some aspects of cognitive dysfunction over a 2 month period. | True |
| What can be done to improve social interactions and learning patterns in animals with cognitive dysfunction? | Environmental enrichment. |
| True or false: each type of cancer has a set of behaviors and no one diet is appropriate for all neoplastic diseases. | True |
| Diets that may be helpful in preventing cancer, high in ___, may actually interfere with chemotherapy or radiation response. | Antioxidants: Vitamin C, Selenium, Vitamin E |
| What are three goals when fighting neoplasia? | Sufficient calories to maintain ideal weight. Provide support for animals immune system. Starve tumor cells while feeding healthy tissue (no simple sugars) such as protein and fat. |
| True or false: some cancer cells produce toxins (Tumor Necrosis Factor) TNF which leads to inappetance. | True |
| Describe 5 components of a nutritional strategy for combating cancer: | Highly palatable food. Diet low in simple sugars. High in calories. Very bioavailable protein. Enough fiber for good GI health. Diet does not cause or exacerbate other health problems (pancreatitis or heart disease). |
| What are three KNF that will help an animal's body deal with neoplasia? | High Omega 3 diets. Amino acids: Glutamine, Cystine, and Arginine. Minerals: Zinc and magnesium. |
| True or false: Selenium may help prevent, but not treat, cancer. Iron may speed the growth of certain tumors. | True |
| True or false: Prescription diet n/d has been clinically proven to help improve quality of life for dogs undergoing chemotherapy. (Low carb/High arginine and Omega 3). High protein. High fat. | True. Fat improves palatability and calories. Protein to prevent muscle wasting. Arginine stimulates the immune system. |
| High diets are not indicated (contraindicated) in patients with: (3) | Pancreatitis. Hyperlipidemia (Schnauzers). Growing animals: not nutritionally balance. |
| ___ complex carbohydrates that are digested by the animal's endogenous digestive enzymes: | Starches |
| ___ complex carbohydrates that are resistant to enzymatic digestion and thus are fermented by intestinal microbes. | Fiber |
| ___ fiber is fermented by bacteria in the colon of monogastrics. | Soluble fiber. Acidifies colon contents. Produce volatile fatty acids (nutrition for colon). Inhibits pathogenic bacteria. |
| True or false: Mucilage, soluble fiber form psyllium grain, holds lots of water, which lubricates the colon (tx constipation) and normalizes transit time (tx diarrhea.) | True |
| ___ fiber (mannanoligosaccharide) is derived from the cell walls of yeast. Prevents pathogens from adhering to intestinal walls. Improves immune function of GALT. | Insoluble |
| ___ is required for prostaglandin synthesis. May aggravate inflammation or allergies. | Omega-6 |
| ___ is anti-inflammatory. Increases brain oxygenation and learning in puppies. | Omega-3 |
| ___ moves fat into mitochondria for energy production. | Carnitine. Contributes to weight loss in obese animals. Helpful in inherited heart failure conditions. |
| ___ is important in metabolism or rapidly regenerating cells (DNA synthesis). Maintains GI mucosa. Detoxification by liver. Give to animals undergoing chemotherapy. | Glutamine |
| ___ is important in Ca movement in heart cells. Synthesis of bile salts. Antioxidant. Insufficiency leads to heart disease, retinal degradation, and infertility. | Taurine |
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Raevyn1
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