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chapter 23
urinary system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood? | By regulating water output |
| What are two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys? | Urea Creatinine |
| What does the respiratory system excrete? | Carbon dioxide |
| The kidneys lie against the ______. | posterior abdominal wall |
| The kidneys are each about the size of which of the following? | a bar of soap |
| How do the kidneys regulate the osmolarity of the blood and blood pressure? | By regulating water and sodium output |
| The ______ of the kidney is the inner layer, while the ______ is the outer layer surrounding it. | medulla, cortex |
| How do most nitrogenous wastes originate? | As byproducts of protein catabolism |
| What is the renal medulla comprised of? | renal pyramids |
| The process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body is called | excretion |
| What is the order of urine-collecting structures found within the kidney? | Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter |
| True or false: The left kidney is slightly lower than the right because of the space occupied by the liver just above it. True false question. | false |
| The ______ carries blood out of a glomerulus. | efferent arteriole |
| The renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney at what indentation? | hilum |
| The renal corpuscle consists of a glomerulus and a glomerular ______. | capsule |
| What is a nephron? | A functional unit of the kidney |
| Which are parts of a renal tubule? | Collecting duct Proximal convoluted tubule Nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule |
| Extensions of the renal cortex between pyramids are called ______. | renal columns |
| The presence of which structures in the proximal convoluted tubule cause the lining to be referred to as a brush border? | Microvilli |
| The glomerulus is surrounded by which of the following? | Glomerular capsule |
| Which segments of the nephron loop actively transport salts? | thick |
| About how many nephrons are in a kidney? | 1.2 million |
| The collecting duct receives fluid from which of the following? | distal convoluted tuble |
| What are the two components of the renal corpuscle? | Glomerulus Glomerular capsule |
| Nephrons classified as ______ nephrons have short nephron loops and their renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface. | cortical |
| Which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct? | Renal tubule |
| The motor fibers of the renal plexus are branches of which nervous system? | Sympathetic |
| The segment of renal tubule indicated in the figure is the convoluted tubule. | proximal |
| True or false: Glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that it contains little or no proteins. | true |
| Which segments of the nephron loop are permeable to water? | Thin |
| The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular | filtration |
| The distal convoluted tubule is ______ and ______ coiled than the proximal convoluted tubule. | shorter, less |
| The filtration pressure in the glomerulus is determined by the balance of which two pressures? | Colloid osmotic Blood hydrostatic |
| Most nephrons are ______ nephrons. | cortical |
| What is the overall pressure found at the glomerulus that determines the amount of filtration called? | Net filtration pressure |
| The nerves and ganglia serving the kidney make up the renal . | plexus |
| Which variables affect the filtration coefficient? | The surface area available for filtration Permeability of the filtration membrane |
| What is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called? | Filtrate |
| If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. Urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur. | high |
| In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form ______. | glomerular filtrate |
| Net filtration pressure (NFP) takes into account both blood pressure and colloid osmotic pressure of the capsular fluid and capillary blood. | hydrostatic |
| A decreased GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume. | decreased, increased |
| When considering all of the pressures present within the renal corpuscle, the net filtration pressure causes the movement of fluid ______ the glomerular capillaries. | out of |
| The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal ______. | autoregulation |
| What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called? | Glomerular filtration rate |
| The myogenic mechanism maintains glomerular blood flow, and therefore GFR, by relaxing or constricting which structure? | Afferent arteriole |
| If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too slowly, urine output will decrease, and azotemia may occur. | low |
| The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of GFR regulation relies on the monitoring of tubular fluid by a renal structure called the apparatus. | justaglimerular |
| The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular . | filtration |
| What are the three components of the juxtaglomular apparatus? | Mesangial cells Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells |
| An increased GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume. | increased, decreased |
| Choice, Dilate/constrict arterioles; release reninDilate/constrict arterioles; release renin | Juxtaglomerular cells |
| Dilate/constrict glomerular capillariesDilate/constrict glomerular capillaries | Mesangial cells |
| Choice, Monitor tubular fluidMonitor tubular fluid | Macula densa |
| What is the result of renal autoregulation? | The GFR is held steady regardless of changes in the mean arterial pressure. |
| Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle when it is stretched allows adjustment of afferent arteriolar diameter with changes in blood pressure. This is the basis for the ______ mechanism of renal autoregulation. | myogenic |
| The sympathetic nervous system and adrenal epinephrine cause ______ of the afferent arterioles, thereby reducing the glomerular filtration rate. | vasoconstriction |
| The mechanism by which the glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid is called feedback. | tubuloglomerular |
| What does the enzyme renin do? | It converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. |
| Choice, Cells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillariesCells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries | Mesangial cells |
| Choice, Smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arterioleSmooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole | Juxtaglomerular cells |
| Choice, Epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loopEpithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop | Macula densa cells |
| Production of angiotensin II is important in the response to a(n) ______ in the mean arterial blood pressure. | decrease |
| Within the juxtaglomerular apparatus,which cells are smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole? | Granular cells |
| What activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism? | Decreased blood pressure |
| The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal _ | autoregulation |
| The capillaries pick up fluid and solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. | peritubular |
| What are the leaky junctions between epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule that allow water to move through called? | Tight junctions |
| Which defines the transport maximum? | It is the upper limit of the rate solute can be reabsorbed. |
| Sodium is transported into the cells of the PCT by a protein that simultaneously moves it and another solute in the same direction. This type of transport protein is called a(n) ______. | symport |
| Aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs are cleared from the blood via the kidneys by which of the following processes? | Tubular secretion |
| The enzyme ______ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. | renin |
| The kidneys help regulate acid-base balance through the tubular secretion of which molecules? | Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions |
| The PCT reabsorbs water at a constant rate known as what? | Obligatory water reabsorption |
| Which solutes are reabsorbed from the nephron loop? | Potassium ions Sodium ions Chloride |
| Fluid and solutes reabsorbed in the PCT are picked up by which capillary bed? | Peritubular capillaries |
| What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct? | The reabsorption of water and salts |
| When the transporters within the proximal convoluted tubule are saturated and no additional solute can be reabsorbed,which of the following has been reached? | Transport maximum |
| The hormone causes increased reabsorption of sodium (and the water that follows) and secretion of potassium from the later segments of the renal tubule. | aldosterone |
| What is tubular secretion? | The movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid |
| Which wastes are removed from the blood by tubular secretion? | Ammonia Bile acids Urea |
| Hormones can alter the amount of water reabsorbed during urine production, allowing the production of either concentrated or dilute urine. This is the role of the duct. | collecting |
| The primary function of the nephron loop is to generate a medullary ECF osmotic gradient that allows for what? | The concentration of urine |
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ccarterreid1