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Mariyah Parsons
Cultural Anthropology
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Speakers of two _______ of the same language do not necessarily always understand each other. | dialects |
______ research, where the researcher creates a hypothesis and then designs a study to prove or disprove the hypothesis, is more common in the natural sciences than in anthropology. | Deductive |
An “emic” perspective is the perspective of… | the studied culture. |
Through the process of ------- , we learn to become members of our group both directly, through instruction from our parents and peers, and indirectly by observing and imitating those around us. | enculturation |
What is ethnography? | An in-depth study of everyday practices and lives of a people. |
Active participant-observation is… | traveling to a location, living among people, and observing their day-to-day lives. |
What is the study of the social use of space, including the amount of space individuals try to maintain around themselves in interactions with others? | Proxemics |
What is the study of how meaning is conveyed at the word and phrase level? | Semantics |
Like other disciplines that use comparative approaches, such as sociology or psychology, anthropologists make comparisons between people in a given society, but unlike other disciplines, anthropologists also… | compare across societies. compare between humans and other primates. make comparisons that span societies, cultures, time, place, and species. |
Which of the following is not a characteristic of applied anthropology? | Only theories. |
What do anthropologists call a form of violence in which a social structure or institution harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs? | Structural violence |
Horticulture and pastoralism emerged around _______ years ago. | 12,000 |
What is a commodity chain? | The series of steps a food takes from the location where it is produced to the store where it is sold to consumers. |
Small-scale, semi-subsistence farmers make up what size group of people on the planet today? | The largest single group of people on the planet today |
The ability to do what was key to the human domestication of beans and to “bringing beans to the table,” for humans? | boil water |
What is a commodity? | Any good that is produced for sale or exchange for other goods. |
What is the set of practices used by members of a society to acquire food known as? | The subsistence system |
Today, anthropologists recognize that _____, far from being primitive, is one of the most effective and dynamic subsistence systems humans have ever developed, though Marshal Sahlins’ conception of the original “affluent society” is overly romantic | foraging |
Mono-cropping is a feature of industrial food production and has the benefit of producing staple foods like wheat and corn in vast quantities, but it also makes our diet less _____. | diverse |
Domestic economy is… | the work associated with obtaining food for a family or household. |
In ___ systems, membership is determined by birth and remains fixed for life, and social mobility – moving from one social class to another – is not an option. | caste |
_____ can be useful when completing anthropological field research and are particularly helpful when documenting changes in families over time. | Kinship charts |
What is the name for the division of society into groups based on wealth and status? | Social classes |
What are kinship systems that recognize only one sex-based “side” of the family known as? | Unilineal descent systems |
Tribes are ___ societies. | egalitarian |
Societies that have not developed a state have lasted about ______________ than societies that became states. | 100,000 to 150,000 years longer |
Polyandry refers to… | marriages in which there is one wife and multiple husbands. |
A pattern of residence in which married individuals lives with or near the husband’s father family is known as… | patrilocal residence |
Cultural rules or expectations emphasizing the need to marry outside a particular group are known as… | exogamy |
The position of a chief in a chiefdom is… | a permanent political status that demands a successor when the current chief dies |
Social characteristics such as ____ can influence how an anthropologist engages in fieldwork. | gender and sexuality, race and class, religion and religious background |
What is an ethnic group? | People in a society who claim a distinct identity for themselves based on shared cultural characteristics and a shared ancestry that are believed to give its members a unique sense of peoplehood or heritage |
The “sperm penetrates egg” model of human fertilization… | does not include the medical reality that the egg and sperm fuse and that the egg activates the sperm by releasing molecules that are crucial for it to find and adhere to the egg. |
What is a racial classification system in which a person of mixed racial heritage is automatically categorized as a member of the less or least privileged group? | hypodescent, the one-drop rule, socially constructed |
What is gender ideology? | all of the above |
The work of urban anthropologist John Hartigan shows that ___ has played a major role in shaping strikingly different identities among “white” residents in Detroit and how, accordingly, social relations between “whites” and “blacks” in the neighborhoods v | social class |
Since World War II, important research by anthropologists has revealed that racial categories are _________ defined concepts and that racial labels and their definitions vary widely around the world | socially and culturally |
What is the name for the process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories? | racial formation |
What is a third gender? | A gender identity that exists in non-binary gender systems offering one or more gender roles separate from male or female. |
To study supernatural beliefs, anthropologists must cultivate a perspective of ____ and strive to understand beliefs from ___ or insider’s perspective | cultural relativism; an emic |
What are sacred objects or ideas? | Set apart from the ordinary and treated with great respect |
The 5 “Scapes” of Globalization are… | Ethnoscapes, Technoscapes, Ideoscapes, Financescapes, Mediascapes |
The concept of “lifestyle,” from an anthropological perspective, refers to… | the creative ways individuals perform various social identities, the reflexive, and sometimes ironic, ways individuals perform various social identities, a type of cultural or societal “performance” |
What is magic, from an anthropological perspective? | Practices intended to bring supernatural forces under one’s personal control |
Rituals associated with beliefs in the supernatural… | play a significant role in structuring community life , play a significant role in providing rules or guidelines for human behavior, play a significant role in bonding members of a community to one another |
A ___ is a person who claims to have direct communication with the supernatural realm and who can communicate divine messages to others. | prophet |
The “ideoscape” of globalization refers to… | the flow of ideas |
The “ethnoscape” of globalization refers to… | the flow of people across boundaries |
Globalization is… | the total scope of global cultural contact, along with the speed and scale of such contact. |
What is another name for development that can meet present needs without damaging the environment or limiting the potential for future generations? | Sustainable development |
What is reflexivity? | Awareness of how one’s own position and perspective impact what is observed and how it is evaluated. |
____ are anthropological approaches helping researchers think about, for example, the role of bacteria in human evolution and cultural development, and remind us that diseases, parasites, and symbiotic gut bacteria that allow us to eat certain kinds of fo | Multispecies ethnographies |
What is another name for an ethnographic approach in which anthropologists include non-human species as active participants in a society or culture and study their influence and actions? | Multispecies ethnographies |
When local residents benefit from protected area jobs as ___, they recognize the positive economic benefits of protected area conservation and support the initiatives. | park guards, tour guides, research assistants |
What is cultural ecology? | A subfield of cultural anthropology that explores the relationship between human cultural beliefs and practice and the ecosystems in which those beliefs and practices occur. |
What is polysemy? | Settings, situations, and symbols that convey multiple meanings. |
What is a term that describes the migration of generally affluent people from urban areas to rural areas for the amenities of nature, recreation, and scenic beauty associated with rural areas? | Exurban |
In anthropological terms, a performance can be… | artful, reflexive, traditional |
What are metacommunicative framing devices? | They offer layered information about how to interpret the ensuing message, and they include codes, figurative language, parallelisms, paralinguistic features, and appeals to tradition. |
Media anthropologists… | push the boundaries of what counts as ethnographic research and academic writing. b. rely on deep relationships with people. c. rely on holistic consideration of the full range of media practices from around the world. |
___ of the human population lies in an urban environment where infectious diseases can spread rapidly, sparking pandemics. | d. More than half |
What is fabrication, used in media anthropology? | a. Taking the essence of what is being said by people, to combine or rearrange it, to create an ethnographic account that demonstrates the points most relevant for the research. |
What is the biocultural perspective? | a. An anthropological perspective describing the interactions between biology and culture that have influenced human evolution and emphasizing that human lifestyles are products of interactions between biology and culture. |
What is ethnomedicine? | b. The comparative study of cultural ideas about wellness, illness, and healing. |
Studies by media anthropologists have demonstrated that…. | media practices are not universal. b. there is no universal way of consuming media. c. media consumption is bound to culture |
What is indigenous media? | c. Media produced by and for indigenous communities often outside of the commercial mainstream. |
What is medical anthropology? | A distinct sub-specialty within the discipline of anthropology. b. An anthropological sub-specialty that investigates human health and health care systems in comparative perspectives. c. An anthropological sub-specialty that considers a wide range |
What is a placebo effect? | c. A response to treatment that occurs because the person receiving the treatment believes it will work, not because the treatment itself is effective. |
What are personalistic ethno-etiologies? | a. They view disease as the result of the active, purposeful intervention of an agent, who may be human, nonhuman, or supernatural. |