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NASM-CPT Ch. 5 Terms
Chapter 5: The Nervous, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 main parts of a neuron? | Cell body, axon, dendrites. |
| The PNS consists of _____ cranial nerves, ______ pairs of spinal nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord, and sensory receptors | 12; 31 |
| What is the difference between the CNS and the PNS? | The CNS coordinates the activity of all parts of the body and is mainly perceived as the brain and spinal cord; The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body and the external environment. |
| What are the two main functions of the PNS? | They provide sensory information (e.g., sight, smell, touch, taste) from the rest of the body up to the CNS via the afferent pathway, and then the peripheral nerves relay information from the CNS back down to the rest of the body via the efferent pathway |
| What are the four primary electrolytes involved in transmitting nerve impulses to throughout the body? | Sodium, potassium, magnesium, and water. |
| What is the difference between the efferent pathway and the afferent pathway? | Afferent pathway is the direction of sensory information (sight, smell, touch taste) from the body to the CNS. Efferent pathway is relaying information from the CNS to the rest of the body. |
| What are the subdivisions of sensory receptors? | Mechanoreceptors, nocireptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors. |
| What do nociceptors respond to? | Pain. |
| The sypathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of what? | The autonomic nervous system. |
| Which system is responsible for "fight or flight" responses? | Sympathetic nervous system. |
| Which system is responsible for "rest and digest" responses? | Parasympathetic nervous system. |
| What are the three primary functions of the nervous system? | Sensory, integrative, and motor functions. |
| Training the body’s proprioceptive abilities can improve what? | balance, coordination, and posture [and enable the body to adapt to its surroundings without consciously thinking about what movement is most appropriate for any given situation.] |
| Describe this process using the 3 primary functions of the nervous system: The body feels thirsty, the eyes see a glass of water, the CNS interprets those senses, the hand reaches out to grab the glass and take a drink | (Sensory Input)The body feels thirsty, the eyes see a glass of water (Integration) The CNS interprets those senses (Motor Output) The hand reaches out to grab the glass and take a drink |
| Where are mechanoreceptors located? | muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules |
| Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors are all examples of what? | Mechanoreceptors |
| Muscle spindles are sensitive to what? | Change in muscle length and rate of length change. |
| Sensory receptors within muscles that run parallel to the muscle fibers are called what? | Muscle spindles |
| What is the benefit of the stretch reflex mechanism? | An impulse is immediately sent to the spinal cord, and a response to contract the muscle is received within 1 to 2 milliseconds. The rapid neural response is designed as a protective mechanism to prevent overstretching and potential muscle damage |
| Activation of Golgi tendon organs will cause what? | Activation of Golgi tendon organs will cause the muscle to relax, which prevents the muscle from excessive stress and possible injury. |
| Muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ functions are highly important in relation to what? | Flexibility training. |
| The adolescent brain continues to develop from ____ to ____ years of age. | 10 to 25. |
| ______________ and _______________ occurs with the acquisition of new skills. | Neuroplasticity and neurocircuitry. |
| What are the stages of the development of motor skills? | Stage 1: Cognitive Stage 2: Associative Stage 3: Autonomous |
| During the cognitive stage of new motor skill development, how would an instructor attempt to teach a client a new skill? | May need to break the skill into smaller steps and use simple instruction. |
| During the associative stage of new motor skill development, how would an instructor attempt to teach a client a new skill? | Refining a client's skill may take regular feedback and practice |
| During the autonomous stage of new motor skill development, how would an instructor attempt to teach a client a new skill? | Teaching clients new versions of the skill to further challenge them. |
| Muscles are connected to bones by what? | Tendons |
| The skeleton is divided into 2 parts, what are they? | Axial and Appendicular skeletal systems |
| Approximately how many bones are in the axial skeleton? | 80 |
| Approximately how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton? | 126 |
| How many bones are there in the human body? | 206 |
| Of the 206 bones in the human body, how many are used in voluntary movement? | Approximately 177 |
| The bones in the human body form more than _____ joints? | 300 |
| What are the 5 major types of bones in the skeletal system? | Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid |
| The Patella is an example of which type of bone? | Sesamoid |
| The Sternum is an example of which type of bone? | Flat |
| The Tarsals of the ankle are examples of which type of bone? | Short |
| The Humerus is an example of which type of bone? | Long |
| The Vertebrae is an example of which type of bone? | Irregular |
| What are the long bones of the upper body? | Clavicle (collar-bone) humerus (upper arm bone) radius and ulna (forearm bones) metacarpals phalanges (finger bones) |
| What are the long bones of the lower body? | Femur (thigh bone) tibia and fibula (shin bones) metatarsals phalanges (toe bones) |
| True or false: there is significant evidence that even a well-designed, age appropriate strength-training program can lead to growth and eiphyseal plate damage in children and adolescents. | False. Currently, there is no evidence that a well-designed, age-appropriate, strength-training program leads to such an injury. |
| Bones markings can be divided into what two categories? | Depressions and processses |
| Two common types of depressions are...? | Fossa, Sulcus |
| What are some common processes? | Process, condyle, epicondyle, tubercle, and trochanter |
| The adult human spine has three major curvatures, what are they? | Posterior (concave) cervical curve (hollowed or rounded inward) Posterior (convex) thoracic curve (curved or rounded outward) Posterior (concave) lumbar curve (hollowed or rounded inward) |
| What are the three major types of arthrokinematics? | Roll, slide, and spin |
| The sutures of the skull are examples of what type of joint? | Nonsynovial joints |
| True or false: tendons connect muscle to bone, ligaments connect the articulating bones of a joint. | True. |
| Ligaments are primarily made up of what? | Collagen and varying amounts of elastin. |
| Ligaments are characterized by having poor what? | Vascularity (blood supply), meaning that ligaments do not heal or repair very well and may be slower to adapt to stresses placed on the body, such as stress caused by exercise. |
| True or false: the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee contains very little collagen and is predominantly composed of elastin. | False. The anterior cruciate ligament of the knee contains very little elastin and is predominantly composed of collagen. |
| It is within the ______________ that the physiological processes of muscle contraction occur. | Myofibrils |
| Skeletal muscles will not contract unless they are stimulated to do so by motor ___________. | Neurons |
| True or False: neurotransmitters represent the translation of the nervous system’s electrical message into a form the muscle cells can understand and act on. | True. |
| The overlapping action of the actin and myosin filaments is called the ________________ which uses the molecule ____________________- to provide energy to the myosin heads. | Power stroke; Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
| What is the main electrolyte of the body? | Water |
| ________________ helps stimulate actin and myosin activity inside the muscle, and ____________and ___________ help transmit the motor signal down the nerve axon. [Molecules] | Calcium; Potassium; Sodium |
| Smaller muscles with the primary purpose of stabilizing the body are mostly made up of __________ muscle fibers. | Type I |
| Larger muscles, which are faster to fatigue and generate more force than smaller muscles, are mostly made up of ____________ muscle fibers. | Type II |
| Type I muscle fibers are often referred to as “red fibers” because of the presence of a large number of what? | Myoglobin, which is similar to hemoglobin, the red oxygen-carrying pigment found in red blood cells. |
| True or False: type II muscle fibers are often referred to as “white fibers” because of the limited presence of myoglobin. | True. |
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