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NASM-CPT Ch. 7 Terms
Chapter 7: Human Movement Science
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Human movement system (HMS) | The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems. |
| Kinetic chain | A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement. |
| Regional interdependence model | The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body. |
| Biomechanics | The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces. |
| Kinesiology | Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology. |
| Anatomic position | The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms forward. It is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature. |
| Osteokinematics | Movement of a limb that is visible. |
| Arthrokinematics | The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin. |
| Sagittal plane | An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves. |
| Flexion | A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases. |
| Extension | A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases. |
| Hyperextension | Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion. |
| Dorsiflexion | Flexion occurring at the ankle. |
| Plantar flexion | Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards. |
| Frontal plane | An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. Movement in the frontal plane includes abduction, adduction, and side-to-side motions. |
| Abduction | A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body. |
| Adduction | Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body. |
| Lateral flexion | Bending of the spine from side to side. |
| Eversion | A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of foot faces outward. |
| Inversion | A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. Bottom of foot faces inward. |
| Transverse plane | An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves. |
| Internal rotation | Rotation of a body segment toward the middle of the body. |
| External rotation | Rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body. |
| Horizontal abduction | Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position. |
| Horizontal adduction | Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position. |
| Radioulnar pronation | Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position. |
| Radioulnar supination | Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position. |
| Pronation of the foot | Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction. |
| Supination of the foot | Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with force production. |
| Gait | Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running, and sprinting. |
| Scapular retraction | Adduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline. |
| Scapular protraction | Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline. |
| Scapular depression | Downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae. |
| Scapular elevation | Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae. |
| Elasticity | The ability of soft tissues to return to resting length after being stretched. |
| Ligament | A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone. |
| Flexibility | The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint. |
| Hypermobility | A state where a lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having more range of motion than it should, greatly increasing the risk of injury at that joint. |
| Hypomobility | When range of motion at a joint is limited. |
| Eccentric muscle action | A muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening. |
| Motor unit | A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates. |
| Concentric muscle action | A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle. |
| Isometric muscle action | When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length. |
| Core | The structures that make up the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC), including the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen, and hip joint. |
| Muscle action spectrum | The full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement. |
| Agonists | The primary muscles providing force for a movement. |
| Synergists | Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement. |
| Stabilizers | Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves. |
| Feed-forward activation | When a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement. |
| Antagonists | Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles. |
| Force | An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object. |
| Length-tension relationship | The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length. |
| Resting length | The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched. |
| Actin | The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction. |
| Myosin | The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction. |
| Sarcomere | The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines. |
| Muscle balance | When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position. |
| Altered length-tension relationship | When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce. |
| Reciprocal inhibition | When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen. |
| Altered reciprocal inhibition | Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist. |
| Muscle imbalance | When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships. |
| Neutral position | The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion. |
| Stretch-shortening cycle | Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction. |
| Series elastic component | Springlike noncontractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy. |
| Amortization phase | The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle. |
| Stretch reflex | Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening. |
| Integrated performance paradigm | To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically). |
| Tendon | A fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. |
| Force-couple relationship | The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint. |
| Joint support systems | Muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal of the spine. |
| Rotary motion | Movement of the bones around the joints. |
| Torque | A force that produces rotation; common unit of measurement is the Newton meter (Nm). |
| Motor behavior | Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli. |
| Motor control | How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response. |
| Motor learning | Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior. |
| Motor development | Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span. |
| Muscle synergies | Groups of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement. |
| Mechanoreceptors | Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves. |
| Proprioception | The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts. |
| Sensorimotor integration | Cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement. |
| Feedback | Use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning. |
| Internal feedback | Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment. |
| External feedback | Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment. |
| Neuromuscular efficiency | The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion. |
| Medial | Relatively closer to the midline of the body |
| Lateral | Relatively farther away from the midline or towards the outside of the body |
| Contralateral | Positioned on the opposite side of the body |
| Ipsilateral | Positioned on the same side of the body |
| Anterior | Positioned on or toward the front of the body |
| Posterior | Positioned on or toward the back of the body |
| Proximal | Positioned nearest to the center of the body or other identified reference point. |
| Distal | Positioned farthest from the center of the body or other identified reference point |
| Inferior | Positioned below an identified reference point |
| Superior | Positioned above an identified reference point |
| Translations | Isolated scapular movements; they do not rotate around a fixed axis; primarily retraction, protraction, elevation, and depression |
| Isotonic (Muscle Action) | Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. Isotonic muscle actions are subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions; lowering and lifting |
| Isometric (Muscle Action) | Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint. |
| Isokinetic | The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted. It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories. |
| Direction of resistance | Eccentric motion moves in the same direction as the resistance is moving |
| Local Muscular System | Generally attach on or near the vertebrae and primarily stabilize the trunk of the body; composed of the inner unit of the core, includes the rotatores, multifidus, transversus abdominis, diaphragm, pelvic floor, and quadratus lumborum |
| Global Muscular System | Comprised of larger muscles that initiate movements and tend to function across one or more joints. These muscles are generally larger and act as prime movers during many functional tasks, such as pushing, pulling, squatting, and walking. |
| Global Muscles Subsystems | Deep longitudinal, posterior oblique, anterior oblique, and lateral subsystems. |
| DLS | Deep longitudinal subsystem; muscles of the lower leg, hamstrings, and lower back region; these muscles create a contracting tension to absorb and control ground reaction forces during gait (walking, running). |
| POS | Posterior oblique subsystem; latissimus dorsi, thoracolumbar fascia (connective tissue of the low-back), and contralateral gluteus maximus;the POS can be seen to form an X across the sacroiliac joint, creating its stabilization effect. |
| AOS | Anterior oblique subsystem; the obliques, the adductor (inner) thigh muscles, and the hip external rotators; creates stability from the trunk, through the pelvis, and to the hips and contributes to rotational movement. |
| LS | Lateral subsystem; the lateral hip (gluteus medius) and medial thigh muscles (adductors) and the contralateral quadratus lumborum, all of which provide movement in the frontal plane. |
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