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USG Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the people of a particular geographic area who are represented by a lawmaking body | constituents |
| the distribution of seats in the House of Representatives among the states | apportionment |
| a congressional act or bill that sets aside funds for a specific purpose | appropriation |
| the process of charging officials in the executive and judicial branches with wrongdoing and bringing them to trial | impeachment |
| the power of Congress to check up on the executive branch and to make sure it is following the laws Congress has passed | oversight |
| Article I, Section 8, Clause 18, of the Constitution, which gives the national legislature the power to “make all laws that are necessary and proper” to exercise the powers granted by the Constitution; also known as the “elastic clause” | necessary and proper clause |
| a tax levied on one person but passed on to another for payment to the government; tariffs are examples of indirect taxes | indirect tax |
| a tax an individual pays directly to the government | direct tax |
| a condition in which government revenues are lower than expenses | deficit |
| Article I, Section 8, Clause 3, of the Constitution that outlines the commerce powers granted to Congress | commerce clause |
| legal documents that require a person to testify in a certain matter | subpoenas |
| a court order that forces the police to present a person in court to face charges; habeas corpus is a phrase in Latin meaning “you have the body” | writ of habeas corpus |
| a law that punishes a person without trial | bill of attainder |
| laws that criminalizes an action that took place in the past and that was legal at that time; ex post facto is a Latin phrase meaning “from after the fact” | ex post facto laws |
| the redistribution of seats in the House of Representatives among the states based on the results of the census | reapportionment |
| the drawing of district boundaries for political advantage | gerrymandering |
| the presiding officer of the House of Representatives | Speaker of the House |
| proposed laws | bills |
| the representative of each party elected to help manage the actions and strategy of their party in the House of Representatives | floor leader |
| the representatives of each party whose duty is to encourage fellow party members to vote as the party leadership wants | whips |
| a meeting of all the House members from a particular party held to elect party officers | party caucus |
| permanent committees of the House of Representatives that address the major areas in which most proposed laws fall, such as agriculture, the budget, and the armed services | standing committees |
| temporary committees in the House of Representatives formed to carry out specific tasks that are not already covered by existing committees | select committees |
| special committees formed from members of the House of Representatives and the Senate to address broad issues that affect both chambers | joint committees |
| a position held by the vice president of the United States, who presides over debate in the Senate chamber | president of the Senate |
| the official who presides over the Senate in the absence of the vice president | president pro tempore |
| the person elected by the majority party who serves as the spokesperson and main strategist for the majority party in the Senate | Senate majority leader |
| the tradition in the Senate in which the chair of a committee is given to the most senior majority Senator on a committee | seniority rule |
| the tactic used when opponents of a measure seek to prevent it coming up for a vote in the Senate by refusing to stop talking in hopes of stalling action long enough that the rest of the Senate will be forced to move on to other business | filibuster |
| the vote to end debate of a bill in the Senate | cloture |
| an addition to a bill that often has little relationship to the bill’s main topic; the goal of a rider may be to add an unpopular provision to a bill that is likely to be passed so that the addition may “ride” along with the bill that is passed, | rider |
| a congressional measure used in certain out-of-the-ordinary circumstances and has the force of law if passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the president | joint resolution |
| measures in which both houses of Congress address matters that affect the operations of both chambers | concurrent resolutions |
| a measure taken in the House of Representatives to force a bill out of committee | discharge petition |
| a measure taken in the House of Representatives in which all representatives become members of a single committee, allowing the House to function when many members are absent | Committee of the Whole |
| the minimum number of members needed to legally conduct business | quorum |
| a vote in which each member of Congress is required to publicly state his or her vote; also called a record vote | roll-call vote |
| a joint committee formed from both houses to resolve differences between the House and Senate versions of a bill | conference committee |
| a means by which the president can reject a bill, when Congress is not in session, by not signing it | pocket veto |
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