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Developmental1
Developmental Anatomy test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The transformation of a zygote into an individual is __________ development. | ontogenic |
| The evolution of simple to complex organisms is called __________ development. | phylogenetic |
| What is the term for the developmental stage between fertilization and completion of organogenesis? | embryo |
| What is the term for the developmental stage between completion of organogenesis and birth? | fetus |
| What is the length of gestation and number of days as a fetus for dogs? | 57-63 days/35 days |
| What is the length of gestation and number of days as a fetus for cats? | 60-63 days/29 days |
| What is the length of gestation and number of days as a fetus for horses? | 335 days/55 days |
| What is the length of gestation and number of days as a fetus for pigs? | 116 days/36 days |
| What is the length of gestation and number of days as a fetus for cattle? | 290 days/52 days |
| What is the length of gestation and number of days as a fetus for sheep? | 155 days/40 days |
| What is the term for the general process of differentiation and maturation of primordial germ cells? | gametogenesis |
| Where do primordial germ cells come from in the embryo? | wall of yolk sack |
| What is the maturation of primordial germ cells into female gametes? | oogenesis |
| What is the maturation of primordial germ cells into male gametes? | spermatogenesis |
| What are immature female germ cells in the ovary that undergo mitosis? | oogonia |
| What are immature male germ cells in the testes that undergo mitosis? | spermatogonia |
| What do oogonia differentiate into and when? | primary oocytes, in the embryo/fetus until birth |
| What process to primary oocytes undergo to become secondary oocytes? | meiosis 1 |
| What is the name for the female germ cells that area product of meiosis 1? | secondary oocyte |
| What germ cells are females born with? | primary oocytes (arrested in meiosis 1) |
| What germ cells are formed near ovulation? | secondary oocytes |
| What stimulates the completion of meiosis 1 in primary oocytes? | ovulatory hormones |
| When does meiosis 2 of oocytes occur? | after fertilization |
| When are mature oocytes created? | after fertilization |
| In the dog and fox, what type of oocyte is released at ovulation? | primary oocyte |
| When do spermatogonia begin to differentiate into primary spermatocytes? | at puberty |
| When does meiosis 1 occur in the male germ cells? | at any time after puberty |
| When does meiosis 2 occur in the male germ cells? | at any time after puberty |
| When secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 2, what are the end products called? | spermatids |
| What 2 processes must happen for spermatids to become fertile spermatozoa? | Spermiogenesis and capacitation |
| What is the process of transforming a spermatid into a spermatozoan? | spermiogenesis |
| What step in the spermatozoan maturation process occurs in the female reproductive tract? | capacitation |
| What is the name for the result of the fusion of gametes and where does this usually occur? | zygote; ampula of oviduct |
| What must the spermatozoan do before it can fuse with the oocyte? | penetrate the zona pellucida |
| What are the cells inside the morula and blastocyst called? | Blastomeres |
| Why does the size of a morula not change even though blastomeres are constantly dividing? | zona pellucida still surrounds them |
| What may happen to the blastocyst (blastula) once the zona pelucida has ruptured? | Implantation |
| What is the collection of blastomeres at one pole of the blastocyst? | Inner cell mass |
| What are the blastomeres that line the blastocyst cavity? | trophoblasts |
| What will trophoblasts eventually become? | Chorion |
| What will the inner cell mass eventually become? | Embryo and fetal membranes (embryonic disk) |
| What is the term for germ layer formation? | gastrulation |
| Where do hypoblast cells come from and where are they located? | inner cell mass; they line the trophoblast cells in the blastocyst cavity |
| What do hypoblast cells become? | yolk sac |
| What do the inner cell mass cells that do not become hypoblast cells become? | Epiblast |
| What does the epiblast split into? | extraembryonic epiblast and embryonic epiblast |
| What does the extraembryonic epiblast become? | lines the amniotic cavity |
| What does the embryonic epiblast become? | source of all 3 germ layers |
| What do the cells on the midline of the epiblast become? | Primitive streak |
| What is the fate of the epiblast cells that displace the hypoblast cells near the epiblast? | Endoderm |
| What is the fate of epiblast cells that migrate between the endoderm and the epiblast? | Mesoderm |
| What does the main, outer chunk of epiblast become? | Ectoderm |
| What systems/tissues does the ectoderm form? | Epidermis and nervous system |
| What systems/tissues does the mesoderm form? | Cardiovascular, urinary, genital, and most connective tissue and muscle |
| What systems/tissues does the endoderm form? | Digestive, respiratory, uriary bladder, tympanic cavity, parenchyma of thyroid and parathyroid glands |
| Mesoderm directly lateral to notochord | peraxial mesoderm |
| Mesoderm direclty lateral to paraxial mesoderm | intermediate mesoderm |
| Mesoderm direclty lateral to intermediate mesoderm | lateral plate mesoderm |
| Establishment of nervous system in embryo | neuralation |
| What will the notocord become after neural ectoderm has differenciated? Nucleus pulposus | |
| What allows communication between the neural tube and the amnion? | neuropores |
| What will the lumen of the neural tube become? Brain ventricles | |
| What will neural crest cells become (4) | medulla, ANS, melanocytes, ct of face |
| What will intermediate mesoderm differentiate into? | urogenital structures |
| What is the “most outstanding event in early development”? | growth |
| What is it called whe na gorup of cells directs differentiatoin of other cells? | induction |
| In what phase of commitment can cell differentiate autonomously? | specification |
| In what phase of commitment is there irreversible commitment? | determination |
| A mass of cells becoming a structure is called… | morphogenesis |
| What is the subset of cells forming an organ? | morphogenic field |
| What is the study of abnormal development? | teratology |
| Study of abnormal mechanism of development | teratogenesis |
| What is the term for developmental failure (complete lack of development of an organ or tissue) | agenesis |
| Germ for incomplete development | hypoplasia |
| Term for excess in size or number of organs | developmental excess |
| What are the 2 types of chromosome abnormalities? | non-disjunction and translocatoin |
| What is the name for trisomy of sex chromosomes? | klinefelter syndrome |
| What is the name for monosomy of sex chromosomes? | Turner’s syndrome |
| What structure do plant terratogens most commonly affect? | appendicular skeleton |
Created by:
Sknabholz
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