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NUHS Physiology 1
Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chpt 2: The units of matter that form all chemical substances | Atoms |
| Chpt 2: Each type of atom - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, | Chemical element |
| Chpt 2:Protons, neutrons, electrons | Chemical properties of atoms - (3 subatomic particles) |
| Chpt 2: Center of the atom containing the protons and neutrons | Atomic nucleus |
| Chpt 2: The specific number of protons distinguishing one type of atom from another | Atomic numbers |
| Chpt 2: A scale indicating an atom's mass relative to the mass of other atoms | Atomic weight |
| Chpt 2: Multiple forms of chemical elements differing in the number of neutrons they contain | Isotopes |
| Chpt 2: The amount of an element, in grams, equal to the numerical value of its atomic weight | Gram atomic mass (Note: One gram atomic mass of any element contains the same number of atoms) |
| Chpt 2: Minerals present in the body in extremely small quantities | Trace element |
| Chpt 2: Two or more atoms bonded together | Molecule |
| Chpt 2: The strongest chemical bond between two atoms | Covalent bond |
| Chpt 2: The four most abundant atoms in the body | Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon |
| Chpt 2: Diagrammed molecule of water | H-O-H |
| Chpt 2: Diagrammed molecule of carbon dioxide | O=C=O |
| Chpt 2: An atom gains or loses one or more electrons, acquiring a net electric charge becomes an... | Ion |
| Chpt 2: Ions that have a net positive charge | Cations |
| Chpt 2: Ions that have a net negative charge | Anions |
| Chpt 2: Ionic forms of mineral elements are collectively referred to as... | Electrolytes |
| Chpt 2: Within molecules, two commonly encountered groups of atoms that undergo ionization | Carboxyl group (-COOH) and Amino group (-NH2) |
| Chpt 2: An atom containing a single (unpaired) electron in it's outermost orbital | Free radical |
| Chpt 2: Free radicals are unstable molecules that can react with other atoms through this process | Oxidation |
| Chpt 2: A covalent chemical bond in which two electrons are shared unequally between two atoms; atom to which the electrons are drawn becomes slightly negative, while other atom becomes slightly positive | Polar covalent bond |
| Chpt 2: Molecules containing significant numbers of polar bonds or ionized groups | Polar molecules |
| Chpt 2: Molecules composed predominantly of electrically neutral bonds | Non-polar molecules |
| Chpt 2: The electrical attraction between the hydrogen atom in a polar bond in one molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen atom in a polar bond of another molecule | Hydrogen bond |
| Chpt 2: Out of every 100 molecules how many are water? | 99 |
| Chpt 2: The breaking of a chemical bond with addition of elements of water (-H and -OH) to the products formed | Hydrolysis |
| Chpt 2: Type of chemical reaction in which two smaller molecules, such as amino acids, are joined to form a larger molecule; a single molecule of water is lost in the process | Dehydration |
| Chpt 2: Substance dissolved in a liquid | Solute |
| Chpt 2: Liquid (solvent) containing dissolved substances (solutes) | Solution |
| Chpt 2: Strong electrical attraction between two oppositely charged ions | Ionic bond |
| Chpt 2: Attracted to, and easily dissolved in, water | Hydrophilic |
| Chpt 2: Not attracted to, and insoluble in, water | Hydrophobic |
| Chpt 2: A molecule containing polar or ionized groups at one end and non-polar groups at the other | Amphipathic |
| Chpt 2: Amount of material per unit volume of solution | Concentration |
| Chpt 2: The ability of water to dissolve sodium chloride crystals depends upon... | The electrical attraction between the polar water molecules and the charged sodium and chloride ions |
| Chpt 2: Sum of atomic weights of all atoms in molecule | Molecular weight |
| Chpt 2: Weight of a substance in grams equal to its molecular weight | Mol; 1 mol = 6x10^23 molecules |
| Chpt 2: Molecule capable of releasing a hydrogen ion; solution having an H+ concentration greater than that of pure water (that is, pH less than 7) | Acid |
| Chpt 2: Any molecule that can combine with H+; (nucleotide) molecular ring of carbon and nitrogen that, with a phosphate group and a sugar, constitutes a nucleotide (that is a pH greater than 7) | Base |
| Chpt 2: Acid that ionizes completely to form hydrogen ions and corresponding anions when dissolved in water | Strong acid |
| Chpt 2: Acid whose molecules do not completely ionize to form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water | Weak acid |
| Chpt 2: A solution that is neither basic not acidic (pH 7.0) | Neutral solution |
| Chpt 2: Any solution having H+ concentration lower than that of pure water (that is, having a pH greater than 7) | Alkaline solution |
| Chpt 2: Any solution with a pH less than 7.0 | Acidic solution |
| Chpt 2: 4 Major categories of organic molecules in the body | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids |
| Chpt 2: Large molecule formed by linking together smaller similar subunits | Polymer |
| Chpt 2: Substance composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen according to general formula Cn(H2O)n, where n is any whole number | Carbohydrate |
| Chpt 2: Carbohydrate consisting of one sugar molecule, which generally contains five or six carbon atoms | Monosaccharide |
| Chpt 2: Major monosaccharide in the body; a six carbon sugar, C6H12O6; (aka: Blood sugar) | Glucose |
| Chpt 2: Any five carbon monosaccharide | Pentose |
| Chpt 2: A six carbon sugar, like glucose | Hexose |
| Chpt 2: Carbohydrate molecule composed of two monosaccharides | Disaccharide |
| Chpt 2: Disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose; (aka: table sugar) | Sucrose |
| Chpt 2: Large carbohydrate formed by linking monosaccharide subunits together | Polysaccharide |
| Chpt 2: Highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose subunits; major carbohydrate storage form in the body | Glycogen |
| Chpt 2: Molecule composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen and characterized by insolubility in water | Lipid |
| Chpt 2: Carbon chain with carboxyl group at one end through which chain can be linked to glycerol to form triglycerides | Fatty acid |
| Chpt 2: Fatty acid whose carbon atoms are all linked by single covalent bonds | Saturated fatty acid |
| Chpt 2: Fatty acid containing one or more double bonds | Unsaturated fatty acid |
| Chpt 2: Fatty acid that contains more than one double bond | Polyunsaturated fatty acid |
| Chpt 2: A fatty acid, such as oleic acid, in which one carbon-carbon double bond is formed within the hydrocarbon chain due to the removal of two hydrogen atoms | Monounsaturated fatty acid |
| Chpt 2: Chemically altered fatty acids | Trans fatty acid |
| Chpt 2: Subclass of lipids composed of glycerol and three fatty acids; (aka: fat, neutral fat or acylglycerol | Triglyceride |
| Chpt 2: Three-carbon carbohydrate; forms backbone of triglyceride | Glycerol |
| Chpt 2: Lipid subclass similar to triglyceride except that a phosphate group and small nitrogen-containing molecule are attached to third hydroxyl group of glycerol; major component of cell membranes | Phospholipid |
| Chpt 2: Lipid subclass; molecule consists of four interconnected carbon rings to which polar groups may be attached | Steroid |
| Chpt 2: Large polymer consisting of one or more sequences of amino acid subunits joined by peptide bonds | Protein |
| Chpt 2: Molecule containing amino group, carboxyl group, and side chain attached to a carbon atom; molecular subunit of protein | Amino acid |
| Chpt 2: The variable portions of amino acids; may contain acidic or basic charged regions, or may be hydrophobic | Amino acid side chain |
| Chpt 2: Polar covalent chemical bond joining the aminoand carboxyl groups of two amino acids; forms protein backbone | Peptide bond |
| Chpt 2: Polymer consisting of amino acid subunits joined by peptide bonds | Polypeptide |
| Chpt 2: Short polypeptide chain; by convention, having less than 50 amino acids | Peptide |
| Chpt 2: Protein containing covalently linked carbohydrates | Glycoprotein |
| Chpt 2: Two variables determine the primary structure of a polypeptide: | 1.) The number of amino acids in the chain, and 2.) the specific type of amino acid at each position along the chain |
| Chpt 2: Three-dimensional shape of a molecule | Conformation |
| Chpt 2: Weak attractive forces between non-polar regions of molecules | van der Waals forces |
| Chpt 2: Coiled regions of proteins or DNA formed by hydrogen bonds | Alpha helix |
| Chpt 2: A form of secondary protein structure determined by the relative hydrophobicity of amino acid side chains | Beta sheet |
| Chpt 2: The helical and beta sheet structure of a protein | Secondary protein structure |
| Chpt 2: The three-dimensional folded structure of a protein formed by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic attractions, electrostatic interactions, and cysteine cross-bridges | Tertiary protein structure |
| Chpt 2: Formed when two or more proteins associate with each other by hydrogen bonds and other forces; the individual proteins are then termed subunits | Quaternary protein structure |
| Chpt 2: A protein in which two or more proteins are associated via hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic attractions, and other forces, to yield a single, larger protein | Multimeric protein |
| Chpt 2: Any change in base sequence of DNA that changes genetic information | Mutation |
| Chpt 2: Nucleotide polymer in which phosphate of one nucleotide is linked to the sugar of the adjacent one; stores and transmits genetic information; includes DNA and RNA | Nucleic acid |
| Chpt 2: Nucleic acid that stores and transmits genetic information; consists of double strand of nucleotide subunits that contain deoxyribose | Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
| Chpt 2: Single-stranded nucleic acid involved in transcription of genetic information and translation of that information into a protein structure; contains the sugar ribose. | Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| Chpt 2: Molecular subunit of nucleic acid; purine or pyrimidine base, sugar and phosphate | Nucleotide |
| Chpt 2: Double-ring, nitrogen-containing subunit of nucleotide; adenine or guanine | Purine |
| Chpt 2: Single-ring, nitrogen containing subunit of nucleotide; cytosine, thymine, or uracil | Pyrimidine |
| Chpt 2: Major molecule that transfers energy from metabolism to cell functions during its breakdown to ADP and release of P1 | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| Chpt 2: Two-phosphate product of ATP breakdown | Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) |
| Chpt 2: A molecule that loses an electron to a free radical... | Becomes a free radical itself |
| Chpt 2: Of the bonding forces between atoms and molecules, which are the strongest? | Covalent bonds are the strongest |
| Chpt 2: The process by which monomers of organic molecules are made into larger units... | Results in the generation of water molecules |
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oneirishgirl
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