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Earth Science
Freshman Earth Science Study Guide 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rocks | a solid mass of material or mineral-like minerals |
| Igneous rock | form from cooled magma or lava |
| Sedimentary rock | rock formed from layers of weathered, eroded, and deposited sediment |
| Metamorphic rock | rock formed by the alteration of pre-existing rock by heat, pressure, and/or fluids |
| Rock Cycle | a model that describes the ways in which rocks change from one type to another |
| Magma | Molten rock beneath Earth's surface, including any dissolved gases and crystals. |
| Lava | Magma that reaches Earth's surface |
| Weathering | Any process that breaks down rock |
| Sediment | Loose particles created by the weathering of rock |
| A(n)_____________ is any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally as part of Earth. | Rock |
| Most rocks, such as granite, occur as a solid mixture of _________ . | Minerals |
| True or False: A characteristic of rock is that each of the component minerals retains its properties in the mixture. | True |
| What are a few rocks that are composed of nonmineral matter? | Obsidian and Pumice |
| Which letter(s) identify a type of rock? A.) Igneous B.) Sedimentary C.) Metamorphic D.) Crystalline | A, B and C |
| The meaning of the Latin word "ignis" | Fire |
| Rocks that form when magma hardens beneath Earth's surface | Intrusive igneous |
| Rocks that form when lava hardens | Extrusive igneous |
| Melted material at Earth's surface | Lave |
| Melted material beneath Earth's surface | Magma |
| An intrusive igneous rock that forms when magma cools slowly beneath Earth's surface | granite |
| An extrusive igneous rock that forms when lava cools quickly at Earth's surface | rhyolite |
| Two characteristics used to classify igneous rocks are ___________and _________. | Texture and composition |
| True or False: Igneous rocks that are composed primarily of quartz and feldspar have a granitic composition. | True |
| Rocks that contain dark silicate minerals and plagioclase feldspar have a(n) _________________. | Basaltic Composition |
| Which letter(s) of the minerals that are found in andesitic rocks. A.) Amphibole B.) Pyroxene C.) Biotite D.) Plagioclase feldspar | A,B,C,D |
| Peridotite is composed almost entirely of dark silicate minerals. Its chemical composition is referred to as ______________. | Basaltic |
| True or False: Much of the upper mantle is thought to be made of granite. | False |
| Which or the statements are true about the texture of igneous rocks. | A.) Slow cooling results in rocks with small, interconnected mineral grains. B.) Rapid cooling of magma or lava results in rocks with small, interconnected mineral grains |
| A process that squeezes, or compacts, sediments | Compaction |
| Involves weathering and the removal of rock | erosion |
| Takes place when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among the sediments | cementation |
| When sediments are dropped by water, wind, ice, or gravity | deposition |
| True or false: Sedimentary rocks form when solids settle out of a fluid such as water or air | True |
| Which of the statements are true about the formation of sedimentary rocks | A.) Weathering is the first step in the formation of sedimentary rocks B.) Weathered sediments don't usually remain in place C.) Small sediments often are carried large distances before being deposited |
| What are the names of the rock groups that are classified as clastic sedimentary rocks | Conglomerate, Breccia. and Sandstone |
| True or false: In undisturbed sedimentary rocks, the oldest layers are found on the bottom. | True |
| Ripple marks in a sedimentary rock may indicate that the rock formed along a(n) ______________ or ____________ bed. | Beach or stream |
| What are the four major processes that form sedimentary rocks? | Weathering, erosion, deposition, and compaction/cementation |
| True or false: Metamorphism means " a change in form" | True |
| Takes place when magma intrudes rock | Contact Metamorphism |
| Produces high-grade metamorphism | regional metamorphism |
| Produces low-grade metamorphism | Contact Metamorphism |
| Changes in rock are minor | Contact Metamorphism |
| Results in large-scale deformation | regional metamorphism |
| Forms marble | Contact Metamorphism |
| Occurs during mountain building | regional metamorphism |
| The agents of metamorphism are _________, __________, and __________ solutions. | Heat, pressure, and Hydrothermal |
| True or false: During metamorphism, rocks are usually subjected to one agent at a time. | False |
| Heat | Causes minerals to recrystallize causes new minerals to form |
| Pressure | Causes spaces between mineral grains to close. May cause minerals to recrystallize or to form new minerals. Causes mineral grains to flatten and elongate. |
| Reactions in solutions | Solutions aid in recrystallization of minerals. Promotes recrystallization by dissolving original minerals and depositing new ones. |
| What is true about foliated metamorphic rocks | It is rock with a layered or banded appearance. Pressure can form it. and Schist is an example of it. |
| What is true about nonfoliated metamorphic rocks | It is a metamorphic rock that does not have a banded texture. Marble is an example of it. and Quartzite and anthracite are examples of it. |
| What can cause rocks to change from one type to another | Interactions among earths water air and land |
| What are the steps of the rock cycle | Sediment, sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, magma, igneous rock |
Created by:
Briddgetr