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Sociology test
10/19/21
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Identify the differences between society and culture, understand each definition: | society is a group of people who identify with a particular culture. |
| What is culture composed of? | material and non-material items of culture. |
| What is mainstream culture and how is it related to popular culture? | Is widespread current cultural elements, including all popular culture and media, current most common trending and known items of culture. |
| What is the difference between low and high culture? | high culture elements are those of the elite class, whereas low culture is commonplace and known among the masses. |
| What is the difference between material and nonmaterial items of culture? | Objects or belongings of a group of people are considered material culture and Nonmaterial culture consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society. |
| What are examples of both nonmaterial and material items of culture? | Material: automobiles, stores, and the physical structures where people worship; Nonmaterial: Clothing, hairstyles, are part of material culture, but the appropriateness of wearing certain clothing for specific events reflects nonmaterial culture. |
| What are the five components of culture? | technology, symbols, language, values, and norms |
| What are social norms and why do they exist? | Visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured, define how to behave in accordance with what a society has defined as good, right, and important, and most members of the society adhere to them. |
| What is the difference between formal and informal norms? | Formal norms are established, written rules, most specific and clearly stated of the various types of norms, and they are the most strictly enforced; Informal norms are casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to. |
| Define Folkways and give an example: | folkways are norms without any moral underpinnings, they direct appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture; specify whether to shake hands or whether to wear a tie and blazer or a T-shirt and sandals to an event |
| Define Mores and give an example: | Mores are norms that embody the moral views and principles of a group, violating them can have serious consequences, strongest mores are legally protected with laws or other formal norms, murder is considered immoral, and it’s punishable by law |
| What is an example of Taboo? | a social custom forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing; very negative norm, it is a strict prohibition of behavior that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust or expulsion from the group or society |
| What is the level of strictness in breaking social norms? | Least to Most Serious: Folkways, Mores, Laws |
| What are cultural universals? | Patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies (George Murdock) |
| What are some examples of cultural universals? | funeral rites, weddings, celebration of births, food, clothing/appearance, shelter, language, personal names, humor, music, family dynamics, religion |
| What is cultural variation? | diversity in social practices that different cultures exhibit around the world |
| What is the difference between subcultures and countercultures, understand each definition: | Counterculture: Type of subculture that rejects some of the larger culture’s norms & values, Subculture: A smaller cultural group within a larger culture |
| Define ethnocentrism: | belief our culture is superior to others, we use our own culture as a measuring stick with which to judge other individuals or societies, these other cultures can seem “abnormal” |
| What is the danger of ethnocentrism? | racism, prejudices, stereotypes, discrimination |
| What does one develop to avoid being ethnocentric? | cultural relativism |
| Define cultural relativism: | Seeing each different culture as simply as just different, not better or worse, not right or wrong, but judge it on its own terms; Placing different values, beliefs, norms and practices within their own cultural context |
| What is the difference between high culture and popular culture? | high culture is culture among the elite class where as popular culture is culture widely known and accepted into mainstream culture and low culture |
| Examples of a Subculture. | Ethnic and racial groups, biker culture, body modification, adolescents |
| Examples of a Counterculture. | Hippies, mafia, cults, 1960’s counterculture groups |
| What are stereotypes? | widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing, not necessarily based in truth |
| Why do we stereotype? | functionalist perspective, we make sense of our world by categorizing those around us |
| What gave way to the rise of the counterculture movement in the 1960’s? | Widespread tensions developed in American society that tended to flow along generational lines regarding the war in Vietnam, race relations, women’s rights, traditional modes of authority, and a materialist interpretation of the American Dream |
| What led to the eventual downfall of the counterculture movement in the 1960’s? | Collapsed on its own around 1973, political goals had made significant gains, decline of idealism occurred as many notable counterculture figures died, and the rest settled into mainstream society to start their own families. |
| What is the definition of cultural lag? | Cultural gaps, refer to the time that elapses between the introduction of a new item of material culture and its acceptance as part of nonmaterial culture |
| What is the definition of cultural diffusion? | Spread of material & nonmaterial culture, integration of international cultures; part of the process of globalization |
| What is the definition of cultural leveling? | When cultures become more and more alike -- American love of the McDonald's hamburger and french fries has carried over to other countries like Israel, American and Israeli cultures are becoming more alike by means of this popular fast food chain |
| What is the difference between cultural leveling and cultural diffusion? | Cultural diffusion: the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another; Cultural Leveling: The process by which cultures become similar to one another |
| Be able to identify the differences between examples referring to cultural diffusion and cultural leveling. | Cultural leveling- the process in which cultures become more and more alike, examples- McDonald’s, Starbucks, Pizza Hut. Cultural diffusion- Spread of material & nonmaterial culture, integration of international cultures |
| Think of 4 personal belongings you have with you right now, explain what these pieces indicate about the tastes, habits, and lifestyles supported by your culture group. | |
| What is a similarity and what are the differences between a Subculture and a Counterculture? Provide an EXAMPLE for each: | Subcultures are groups within cultures, example- biker culture, racial groups, Countercultures reject larger cultural norms or values. examples- mafia or hippies. Both identify themselves in comparison to the dominant culture of a society, |
| In considering cultural variation and cultural stereotypes, why do these situations exist and how can they impact a group of people or culture? Please offer at least one example. |
Created by:
22toestm
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