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Music App Unit 6
Overall Exam Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| avant-garde | French term that refers to new styles and techniques in the arts, especially in the early twentieth century. |
| cubism | Early twentieth-century art movement begun in Paris, characterized by the fragmentation of forms into abstract or geometric patterns. |
| expressionism | A style of visual art and literature in Germany and Austria in the early twentieth century. The term is sometimes also applied to music, especially composers of the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg, Webern). |
| vaudeville | A light comedic variety show with music featuring popular song, dance, comedy, and acrobatics; flourished in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. |
| Tin Pan Alley | Nickname for the popular music industry centered in New York from the nineteenth century through the 1950s. Also the style of popular song in the United States during that period. |
| changing meter | Shifting between meters, sometimes frequently, within a single composition or movement; also shifting meter. |
| polyrhythm | The simultaneous use of several rhythmic patters or meters, common in twentieth-century music and certain African musics. |
| polyharmony | Two or more streams of harmony played against each other, common in twentieth-century music. |
| atonality | Total abandonment of tonality (which is centered in a key). Atonal music moves from one level of dissonance to another, without areas of relaxation. |
| serialism | Method of composition in which various musical elements (pitch, rhythm, dynamics, timbre) may be ordered in a fixed series. |
| sprechstimme | A vocal style in which the melody is spoken at approximate pitches rather than sung on exact pitches; developed by Schoenberg. |
| polytonality | The simultaneous use of two or more keys, common in twentieth-century music. |
| During the late 19th century and early 20th century, what was the main turn of eras during this time? | There was a great turn from the Romanticism Era to Modernisms. During the Romanticism Era we had saw hints and signs of Modernisms, but during this time period is when it fully started evolving. |
| What were some key elements of the Modernisms Era? | During this era, there was a self-conscious attempt to make art more modern. Further more, the art became more visionary, progressive, and there was a large departure from tradition, "making art new". |
| What were the two main forms of Early Modernist Art (1890-1940)? | The two main forms of Early Modernist Art were futurism and Dadaism. Other styles also included cubism and expressionism. |
| What is another definition to describe the word avant-garde? | Another phrase to describe avant-garde would be "cutting edge", which was a French military phrase. The styles referred to by this phrase broke social and artistic conventions, and distinguished from high culture and mass-market taste. |
| How would the term cubism be described? | This term would be described as Paris-Based, geometric patterns. This was another form of art during the Modernisms Era. |
| What type of transformations did American musicals go through. | During this time, New York City became the home of music publishing. Furthermore, there was more of an emphasis on marketplace, distinct American musical traditions. |
| On what street did a lot of popular music writers and publishers set up business in New York City? | A lot of famous and successful musicians and writers set up businesses on Tan Pan Alley, which is a street in Manhattan. |
| Who was the most successful Tin Pan Alley composer during the Modernism Era? | The most successful Tin Pan Alley composer was Irving Berlin. |
| What was there a growth of right before the Great Depression? | There was a huge growth in radio and film right before the Great Depression. |
| What did the Harlem Renaissance celebrate? | The Harlem Renaissance celebrated African American culture. |
| What genre of music birthed right before the Great Depression. | The genre of music that birthed right before the Great Depression was Jazz. It became so popular that it even spread to the ballroom culture. |
| What came about as a result of the Great Depression? | As a result of the Great Depression, there were more jazz clubs, films, and Broadway musicals that came about. People were willing to attend these events not only because they were entertaining, but also because they offered an escape from their reality. |
| What type of jazz was the most popular during the time of the Great Depression? | The jazz style that was the most popular during the Great Depression was "big-band jazz" (swing). This style of jazz simply dominated popular music. |
| What type of music became popular during WWII? | During WWII, musicians began to tour across the US, and patriotic music became very popular. |
| What patriotic song was the most popular during WWII? | The patriotic song that became the most popular during WWII was Berlin's "God Bless America". |
| What were some features of Early musical Modernism? | The main form of evolution during Early Musical Modernism included the new rhythmic complexity. Some of these complexities included non symmetrical patterns, changing meter: (shift constantly within a piece), and polyrhythm. |
| What two countries influenced the rhythm patterns used during Early musical Modernism? | During Early Musical Modernism, there were many complex Asian and African rhythm patterns used within the music. |
| How was the melody of music different during Early Musical Modernism? | Melody in the Early Musical Modernism was different because it was no longer lyrical, and it rejected balanced phrase repetitions. It also had wider leaps, and contained dissonant intervals. |
| How was the harmony of music different during Early Musical Modernism? | Harmony in the Early Musical Modernism was different because it had more dissonance and more tension. It broke the norms. |
| How did Orchestration change during the Early Musical Modernism? | During Early Musical Modernism, orchestras became a little smaller and leaner, and instrumental color was brought out by the use of counterpoint. |
| During Early Musical Modernism, what section of instruments became the heart of the orchestra. | The section of instruments that became the heart of the orchestra was the woodwinds section. There had become an emphasis on rhythm and percussion. |
| Before the Musical Modernism Era, was section of instruments was the heart of the orchestra? | The strings had always been the heart of the orchestra before the Modernism Era. |
| What instrument joined the Orchestra during the Modernism Era? | The piano joined the Orchestra during the Modernism Era. |
| During the Modernism Era, what became a conflict within the music? | During the Modernism Era, there was a division that had emerged between musicians. There were some musicians that wanted to preserve the traditions of old (Mozart, Beethoven, etc), while on the other hand some musicians specialized in "avant-garde". |
| What was the Emancipation of Dissonance in this Modernism Era? | This basically meant that dissonance in music at this time became the normal. Pieces became freed from the need to resolve to consonance (something that's peaceful). |
| True or False. Dissonance can serve as a final cadence. | True. A dissonance serving as a final cadence was very possible during the Modernism Era. Many people began believing and accepting that a music piece could end in dissonance, or end unresolved. |
| What is the ethnicity of Arnold Schoenberg? | This educator from Vienna was a Viennese conductor and educator who was a highly influential Expressionist composer. He was also a painter. |
| Who were Arnold Schoenberg's two very important students? | Alban Berg and Anton Webern were Arnold Schoenberg's very important students. |
| At what time period did Arnold Schoenberg not compose music? | Arnold Schoenberg didn't compose music during WWI due to the fact that he was serving in the military. |
| When did Arnold Schoenberg migrate to the US? | Arnold Schoenberg migrated to the US during WWII and became a faculty member at USC and UCLA. |
| In what year did Arnold Schoenberg become a US citizen? | Arnold Schoenberg became a US citizen in 1940. |
| What did the output of Arnold Schoenberg consists of? | During his lifetime, Arnold Schoenberg a large variety of music, including orchestral music, operas, choral music, chamber music, and piano music. |
| What is another definition to describe expressionism? | This term is defined as a fascination with the unconscious, or the depths of the human psyche. |
| What did expressionism capture during the Modernism Era? | During the Modernism Era, expressionism captured extreme emotion. |
| Where and how was the expressionism movement initiated? | This movement was a German movement that was initiated in poetry and painting. |
| Who was one of the main if not the main painter of the expressionism movement? | Edvard Munch was one of the main painters of the expressionism movement. |
| Who was one of the main if no the main writers during the expressionism movement? | Franz Kafka was one of the main writers during the expressionism movement. |
| How is atonal music described? | Atonal music is described as having no mode of key or tone. |
| During the expressionism movement, there was a mathematical way of composing music called the "twelve-tone" method. How many tones are there on a chromatic scale? | There are twelve tones on a chromatic scale. Some composers during the expressionism movement would use the "twelve tone" method to rearrange the twelve keys in a certain order, and then composing a whole piece based on that order. |
| What were the abrupt mood changes of the piece "Pierrot Lunaire" (Moonstruck Pierrot)? | The abrupt mood changes of the piece "Pierrot Lunaire" consisted of guilt, depression, atonement, and playfulness. |
| Who wrote the piece "Pierrot Lunaire" (Moonstruck Pierrot)? | "Pierrot Lunaire was a collection of poems by Belgian writer Albert Giraud. |
| How many players and instruments did "Pierrot Lunaire" consists of? | The piece "Pierrot Lunaire" consisted of five players, and eight instruments. |
| What ethnicity of people were intrigued by jazz? | Most African Americans and Euro-American composers were intrigued by jazz. At this time however there became a divide overall in jazz as a whole, being that some people accepted it and other people rejected it and thought that it was too vulgar. |
| Who was George Gershwin (1898-1937)? | George Gershwin was a person who grew up in Manhattan and worked as a "song plugger" at the time and demonstrated and wrote sheet music as well on Tin Pan Alley. He was also a pianist. |
| Overall, what did Gershwin's music consist of and how was it impactful? | Gershwin's music incorporated syncopation, harmonic variations. It also resembled improvised jazz and was commercially, artistically successful. He also had more opportunities as a white musician. |
| What was Gershwin's first big hit? | Gershwin's first big hit was "Swanee", which was written in the 1920s. |
| What composer wrote the piece Rhapsody? | George Gershwin wrote an internationally acclaimed piano and orchestra piece named "Rhapsody in Blue". |
| What did George Gershwin's output consists of? | During his lifetime, George Gershwin put out a number of orchestra works, piano music, stage works, folk opera (Porgy and Bess), songs for films, and other songs as well. |
| Who was the ethnicity of Charles Ives (1874-1954)? | Charles Ives was a Connecticut-born modernism composer who was also a business executive. |
| Where did Charles Ive study composition? | Charles Ive studied composition at Yale. |
| True or False. Charles Ive's music was very well received. | This statement is false. During his lifetime Charles Ive's music was not very well received. In fact, he rarely heard his works performed. |
| True or False. Charles Ive would compose music mostly in his spare time. | This statement is true. |
| In what year did Charles Ive win a Pulitzer Prize? | Charles Ive won a Pulitzer Prize in the year of 1947. |
| What did the work of Charles Ive consist of? | During his lifetime, Charles Ive released orchestral and choral music, he released over 100 songs, chamber music, and piano music as well. |
| How is Charles Ive's music described? | Charles Ive had modernist tendencies that could be described as innovative and misunderstood. His music included hymns, patriotic songs, marches, and also segments of polytonality, polyharmony, and polyrhythm. |
| What was the ethnicity of Aaron Copland (1900-1990)? | Aaron Copland was a Brooklyn-born composer with Jewish immigrant parents. |
| Where did Aaron Copland study? | Aaron Copland studied in Paris with Nadia Boulanger. |
| What did Aaron Copland fall victim to? | In the 1950s, Aaron Copland fell victim to McCarthyism. |
| What type of sound did Aaron Copland embrace? hat did his output of music consists of | Aaron Copeland fully embraced the truly American orchestral sound and demonstrated national pride throughout his music. |
| What did Aaron Copland's output of music consists of? | Through his lifetime, he released a number of symphonies, piano concertos, ballets, operas, film scores (Academy Award), piano music, chamber music, choral music, and songs. |
| What were some of the influences of Aaron Copland? | Aaron Copland's style as characterized as an "American modernist" style. Some of his influences consisted of jazz, Appalachian and Anglo-American folk melodies, and Mexican folk melodies. |
| Who's form of approach was Aaron Copland influenced by? | Aaron Copland was greatly influenced by Stravinsky's approach to rhythm and orchestration. |
| What type of ballets did Aaron Copland create? | Aaron Copland created ballets suites that portrayed the American rural lifestyle and also the Far West. |
| What was Aaron Copland's most famous ballet? | Aaron Copland's most famous and best-known ballet was "Appalachian Spring". |
| Who was the lead dancer of Aaron Copland's "Appalachian Spring"? | Martha Graham (1894-1991) was the choreographer and the lead dancer of "Appalachian Spring". |
Created by:
JefferyCWilliams
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