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7559 American Gov
7559 American Government Final Exam Study Guide A
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| House of Burgesses | - First English representative government - Representative assembly in colonial Virginia |
| Parts of the Declaration of Independence | - Made of 5 distinctive parts: - The introduction - The preamble - The body - A conclusion |
| From where does the power come from stated in the Declaration of Independence? | - The consent of the governed |
| Legislative Branch | - Branch made up of the House and the Senate (Congress) - Makes laws, declare wars, regulate interstate and foreign commerce, controls taxing and spending policies |
| Why did Federalist agree to add a Bill of Rights to the Constitution? | - To ensure ratification of the document |
| U.S. Constitution v. Articles of Confederation | AoC: - required the approval from all states - created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government - only has one house US Constitution: - required the approval from only 9 states - contains 2 houses |
| Differences between the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists | Federalist: -supported the constitution & a stronger national republic - wanted a strong government and strong executive branch. Anti-Federalists: - opposed the ratification of the constitution, favored a weak government - demanded a bill of rights |
| A major reason why the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution | - To convince states to ratify the Constitution - Anti-Federalists would not approve until it was added |
| “Father of the Constitution” | James Madison |
| Checks and Balances ( 2 questions) | - Principle of government under which separate branches are empowered to prevent actions by other branches and are induced to share power |
| First Amendment | - Guarantees freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition |
| Where did the Anti-Federalists believe the power was given in the original draft of the Constitution? | - Believed the Constitution granted too much power to the federal courts |
| Federalists beliefs on the Constitution | - It created a strong national government - The separation of powers amongst the three branches of government would help protect the rights of the people |
| Some main areas for which the Constitution provides? | - Creates a national government consisting of a legislative, an executive, and a judicial - Divides power between the federal government and the states - Protects various individual liberties of American citizens |
| Election of 1800 | - The election of Thomas Jefferson - Marked as a success for the Democratic-Republican party and the decline of the Federalist party - A political realignment that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican leadership |
| Veto | - The power of the President to refuse to approve a bill or joint resolution and thus prevent its enactment into law - A constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a law-making body |
| Judicial Review | - Review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act - The actions of the executive and legislative branches of the government are subject to review and possible invalidation by the judiciary |
| What court case established Judicial Review | U.S. Supreme Court case; Marbury v. Madison (1803) - Established the principle of judicial review |
| Central idea of democracy | - A government in which power and civic responsibility are exercised by all adult citizens directly through their freely elected representative -Rests upon the principles of majority rule & individual rights |
| According to the Declaration of Independence, from where should the government derive their legitimacy? | - "Governments derive their power from the consent of the governed" - The government can only maintain its power if its citizens want it; the government serves the citizens |
| One goal of the American Revolution | - Independence from Britain - Wanted to restore rights the colonists felt were already theirs - Based on the idea that government existed only by the consent of the people |
| Know what the 14th, 15th, 19, and 21st amendments were all about. (2 questions) | - 14th: Grants citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United States." - 15th: Granted all citizens regardless of race or color the ability to vote - 19th: Granted women the right to vote -21st: Officially repealed federal prohibition |
| Political Machines | - A party organization headed by a single boss or small autocratic group - Commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state |
| Reapportionment of the Constitution | - Process by which seats in the U.S. House of Representatives are distributed among the 50 states |
| The concept in the opening words of the Preamble | - Order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote general welfare - Secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our Posterity |
| Procedures for a president to be removed from office | - Requires a two-thirds vote of the Senate to convict, and the penalty for an impeached official upon conviction is removal from office |
| Pocketbook Vote | - Voting for a political party or candidate that benefits the voter the most financially |
| What are the following course cases about?: Marbury v. Madison Roe v. Wade Plessy v. Ferguson McCullouch v Maryland | - Established the principles of judicial review in the U.S. - Granted power to the federal courts which allowed them to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional |
| Cloture Motion | - A closure motion "To bring to a close the debate on any measure, motion, or other matter pending before the Senate, or the unfinished business," - Must be signed by at least 16 senators and they may be present at any time |
| Formal qualifications to run for President and/or Congress | - President; must be a natural-born citizen, be at least 35 years old, have been a resident of the U.S. for at least 14 years - Congress; be at least 25 years old, have been a U.S. citizen for at least 7 years, live in the state they represent |
| Due Process | - Requirement that legal matters be resolved according to established rules and principles, and that individuals be treated fairly - Applies to both civil and criminal matters |
| How many amendments are in the Constitution today? | 27 Amendments |
| What are the Bill of Rights? | - First 10 amendments in the Constitution - Guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual; i.e. freedom of speech, press, and religion. - Sets the rules for due process of law and reverses all powers not delegated to the Federal Government |
| Double Jeopardy | - A procedural defence - (Prosecuting a person more than once for the same offense) - Prevents an accused person from being tried again on the same (or similar) charges |
| Refugees v. illegal aliens | - Refugee: Someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war or violence -Illegal Alien: A foreign national who is living without official authorization in a country of which they are not a citizen |
| Biggest entitlement program | - Programs that provide for the poor and elderly as well as those who are disabled I.E. - Social Security - Medicare/ Medicaid |
| Magna Carta | - A document that gave certain rights to the English people - The first document to put into writing the principle that the king and his government were not above the law |
| Progressive Tax v. Flat Tax | -PT: tiered tax rates that charge higher income individuals higher percentages of their income and offer the lower rates to those with the lowest incomes -FT: assign one tax rate to all taxpayers, ignores the differences between rich and poor taxpayers |
| What do Article I, II, and III establish in the Constitution | - Establish the three branches of government and their powers; legislative (congress), Executive (office of the President), and Judicial (Federal court system) |
| What did the framers of the Constitution intend to establish? | - Wanted to form a government that did not allow one person to have too much authority or control - Provide a separation of powers; three separate branches of government - Wanted to ensure the people would be represented |
| Establishment Clause | - Prohibits the government from making any law "respecting an establishment of religion" - Forbids the government from establishing an official religion, but also prohibits government actions that unduly favor one religion over another |
| Federalism | - A system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two levels of government - Entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government |
| Steps for an amendment to be adopted | - Passage by congress; proposed amendment must be approved by a two-thirds vote - Notification of the states; sends notification and material to the governor of each state - Ratification; By three-fourths of the states |
| Articles of Confederation | - Established the functions of the national government of the U.S. after it declared independence from Britain - First written constitution of the U.S. - Congress did not have the power to tax, regulate foreign trade, enforce law, etc. |
| Civic Duty v. Jury Duty (2 questions) | - CD; Responsibility expected from all members of a society, follows the principle that citizens have an obligation to serve their society -JD; Helps support fairness in trials, able to give impartial viewpoints on cases that present in court |
| Closed Party v. Open Party | - CP; they have no influence on the party-supplied order in which party candidates are elected, voters vote as a whole - OP; voters have at least some influence on the order in which a party's candidates are elected |
| Who is responsible for forming the boundaries of the US congressional districts? | - Established by the states based on the result of the 2000 census - Boundaries and numbers shown for the congressional district are those specified in the state laws or court orders establishing the districts within each state |
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