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Vet. Anesthesia
Canine/Feline Anesthesia and Anesthetic Monitory Problems
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anesthetic Protocol | A list of the anesthetic agents and adjuncts prescribed for a particular patient including doses, routes, and order of administration |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) Vital Centers | Areas of the brain that control cardiovascular function, respiratory function, and thermoregulation |
| Anesthetic Induction | The process by which an animal loses consciousness and enters general anesthesia |
| Titration | Administration of an anesthetic agent in small increments until the desired depth of anesthesia is reached, as opposed to administration of the entire calculated dose |
| Anatomic Dead Space | The breathing passages and tubes that convey fresh oxygen from the source to the alveoli, but in which no gas exchange can occur; includes the bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, and nasal cavity |
| Laryngospasm | A reflexive closure of the glottis in response to contact with any object or substance |
| Mechanical Dead Space | *Definition is the same as Anatomic Dead Space* Includes the y-piece of the breathing circuit, where there is bidirectional flow of gases, and the portion of the ET tube extending beyond the nose or the y-piece face mask |
| Pneumothorax | The presence of air in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural space) associated with collapse of the lungs |
| Pneumomediastinum | The presence of air in the space between the lungs that contains the heart and great vessels |
| Anesthetic Maintenance | The process of keeping a patient in a state of general anesthesia; the period between induction and recovery |
| Anesthetic Recovery | The period between the time the anesthetic is discontinued and the time the animal is able to stand and walk without assistance |
| Stridor | Noisy breathing caused by turbulent air flow in the upper airways |
| Hypostatic Congestion | Pooling of blood in the dependent lung and tissues (those nearest the floor or table) |
| Monitor | A process of tracking physiologic and reflex responses to anesthetics for the purpose of keeping a patient safe and ensuring appropriate anesthetic depth |
| Blood Pressure (BP) | The force exerted by flowing blood on vessel walls |
| Flaccid | Lacking any muscle tone |
| Capnograph | Also known as an end-tidal CO2 monitor; a monitoring device that measures the amount of CO2 in the air that is breathed in and out by the patient, by sampling air passing between the endotracheal tube connector and the breathing circuit |
| Doppler Blood Flow Detector | A monitoring device that uses ultrasound frequency to convert the motion of red blood cells in small arteries into an audible "whooshing" sound; used to monitor pulse rate and, if used in conjunction with a sphygmomanometer, systolic blood pressure |
| Pulse Oximeter | A monitoring device used to estimate the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (Spo2) by measuring subtle differences in light absorption, and the pulse rate by detecting blood pulsations in the small arterioles |
| Circulation | Movement of blood through the body for the purpose of supplying all cells with oxygen |
| Oxygenation | The physiologic process of supplying the lungs and blood with oxygen |
| Ventilation | The movement of gases into and out of the alveoli |
| Oscillometer | A monitoring device used to measure systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressure by detecting and analyzing pulsations of blood in the arteries of an extremity |
| Central Venous Pressure (CVP) | The blood pressure in a large central vein such as the anterior vena cava; used to assess blood return to the heart and heart function |
| Esophageal Stethoscope | A monitoring device used to detect and amplify heart sounds via a catheter placed in the esophagus |
| Cardiac Arrhythmia | Any pattern of cardiac electrical activity that differs from that of the healthy away animal |
| Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR) | A regular rhythm in which the HR is normal and the distance between successive heartbeats (each QRS complex) is approximately equal |
| Sinus Arrhythmia (SA) | A cyclic change in the HR coordinated with respiration, in which the HR decreases during expiration, and increases during inspiration |
| Sinus Bradycardia | Abnormally slow HR; common during anesthesia and has a variety of causes including excessive anesthetic depth and drug reactions |
| Sinus Tachycardia | Abnormally fast HR; less common than bradycardia during anesthesia; variety of causes including inadequate anesthetic depth, drug reactions, and surgical stimulation |
| AV Heart Block | Involves a delay or interruption in conduction of the electrical impulse through the AV node; three types (first-, second-, and third-degree) |
| First-Degree AV Block | Recognized by a prolonged P-R interval; often abnormal; commonly seen after administration of alpha2-agonists |
| Second-Degree AV Block | Appears as occasional missing QRS complexes (not all P waves are followed by a QRS complex); often abnormal; commonly seen after administration of alpha2-agonists |
| Third-Degree AV Block | An abnormal rhythm in which the atrial and ventricular waveforms occur independently; recognized by a complete loss of the normal relationship between P waves and QRS complexes; characterized by randomly irregular P-R intervals |
| Premature Complexes | One that occurs too early; if it is associated with a heartbeat or pulse, it may be referred to as a premature contraction |
| Supraventricular Premature Complexes (SPCs) | Appear as one or more normal QRS complexes that closely follow the previous QRS, interrupting an otherwise regular rhythm |
| Supraventricular Tachycardia | A series of three or more SPCs in a row; abnormal |
| Ventricular Premature Complexes (VPCs) | Appear as one or more wide and bizarre QRS complexes that closely follow the previous QRS, interrupting and otherwise regular rhythm |
| Ventricular Tachycardia | A series of three or more VPCs in a row; a dangerous rhythm that significantly compromises cardiac output and requires intervention |
| Fibrillation | The chaotic, uncoordinated contraction of small muscle bundles within the atria or ventricles that appears as an undulating baseline with or without QRS complexes |
| Atrial Fibrillation | Appears as fine undulations of the baseline, an absence of P waves, a high HR, and normal QRS complexes with irregular intervals between them; usually caused by heart disease |
| Ventricular Fibrillation | Appears as an irregular undulating baseline, with complete absence of recognizable QRS complexes; associated with cardiac arrest |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (Psys) | Arterial blood pressure during contraction of the ventricles |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (Pdia) | Arterial blood pressure when the heart is in its resting phase between contractions |
| Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) | The average arterial blood pressure; calculated using the following equation: MAP = Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 (Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure) |
| Pressure Transducer | An instrument designed to measure fluid pressure that converts the pressure wave form into an electrical signal |
| Sphygmomanometer | A monitoring device consisting of a pressure gauge and cuff used to measure arterial blood pressure |
| Blood Gas Analysis | Measurement of the pH, bicarbonate level, and partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood (most often arterial blood obtained via and intraarterial catheter) |
| Calculated Oxygen Content | Measures the total volume of oxygen in the blood, including both dissolved and bound forms; calculated using the following formula - CaO2 = (Hb x 1.39 x Sao2 / 100) + (Pao2 x 0.003) |
| Partial Pressure of Oxygen (Po2) | Measures the unbound O2 molecules dissolved in the plasma |
| Percent Oxygen Saturation (So2) | Measures the percentage of the total number of hemoglobin binding sites occupied by oxygen molecules |
| Ventilation | The movement of gases into and out of the alveoli |
| Respiration | The processes by which oxygen is supplied to and used by the tissues, and carbon dioxide is eliminated from the tissues |
| Tachypnea | Rapid respiratory rate |
| Icterus | Yellow discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes |
| Atelectasis | Collapse of a portion or all of one or both lungs |
| Respirometer | A monitoring device used to measure the tidal volume and respiratory minute volume |
| Apnea Monitor | A monitor used to alert the anesthetists when the patient has not taken a breath within a set period of time; detects a change in the temperature of the air moving between the endotracheal tube and the breathing circuit as the patient breathes |
| Capnogram | The graphic representation of CO2 levels generated by a capnograph |
| Pulmonary Thromboembolism | The presence of one or more blood clots in the lungs |
| Pleural Effusion | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural space) |
| Pulmonary Contusions | Bruising of the lung tissue caused by blunt trauma |
| Physiologic Anemia | A relative decrease in red blood cell (RBC) mass caused by an increase in plasma volume without a corresponding increase in the number of RBC; seen in pregnant patients |
| Functional Residual Volume | The amount of air left in the lungs after expiration |
| Sequestration | Loss of blood or plasma into tissues or spaces within the body, resulting in a decreased circulating blood volume |
| Thoracocentesis | Surgical puncture of the pleural space with a needle or tube for the purpose of removing fluid or air |
| Agonal Breaths | An abnormal breathing pattern seen during cardiopulmonary arrest, characterized by gasping and labored breathing |
| Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER Initiative) | A comprehensive study designed to develop a draft set of evidence-based clinical guidelines for veterinary cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) based on consensus of specialists and scientific research |
| Basic Life Support (BLS) | Consists of the recognition that the patient is in cardiopulmonary arrest, and then the application of heart compressions and manual ventilation with the goal of oxygenating the tissues |
| Advanced Life Support (ALS) | Closely follows initiation of BLS and involves monitoring the patient, as well as administration of drugs, fluid therapy, and electrical defibrillation if indicated |
| Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) | The return of effective tissue perfusion with oxygenated blood |
| Post-Arrest Care (PAC) | Must follow to minimize permanent effects and maximize the likelihood of recovery and discharge from the hospital |
| Opisthotonus | A severe spasm in which the back arches and the feet and head flex dorsally; has several causes including drug reactions and brain lesions |
| Stertor | A heavy snoring sound during inspiration; often caused by partial upper airway obstruction; seen in patients with laryngospasm, laryngeal edema, and in brachycephalic dogs |
Created by:
KaleighMichelle
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