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radiate animals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria | -Ability to sting because of cnidocyte cells that contain specialized stinging organelle cnidocyts. -More advanced than sponges because they have true tissue and defenses of tentacles and nematocyts, but most are still sessile. |
| Polyp Form | -sedentary -reproduce asexually by budding, fission, or pedal laceration |
| Medusa Form | -bell or umbrella shaped and exhibit tetramerous symmmetry -usually free living -have statocysts for orientation and ocelli which can sense light -generally dioecious and reproduce sexually |
| Class Scyphomedusae (true jellyfish) * | -have bell rim that houses chemoreceptors, statocysts, and ocelli -larger then hydromedusae -has extended mouth edge, manubrium, with four frilly oral arms or lobes that capture and ingest prey -do not have velum * -have 4 gastric pouches |
| Hydromedusae* | -smaller than scyphozoans and shorter life span -have velum* shelf that partly closes bell and aids in swimming -dont have gastric filaments |
| Class Cubomedusae * | -umbrella is square and one or more tentacles extend from each corner -medusa form is predominant stage and polyp stage is largely unknown -have a pedalium and velarium -dont produce ephyrae and directly change into medusae |
| Typical life cycle * | see word doc |
| Hexamerous anthozoans | have multiples of six and have tentacles in one or more circles around the oral disc |
| octamerous anthozaons | eight tentacles around her mouth |
| Hexacorallia/Zoantharia anthozoans | -sea anemones and hard corals -anemones generally have separate sexes and cylindrical body with slit shaped mouth -hard corals live in calcareous cups they secrete; gastrovascular cavity is hexamerous; no pedal disc but secrete a limestone skeletal cup |
| Ceriantipatharia (Hexamerous) anthozoans | -tube anemones and thorny corals -both have coupled but unpaired septa -tube anemones are solitary and live buried to the oral disc -thorny corals form colonies attached to substrates; skeletons are thorny and have few species limited to warmer seas |
| Octocorallia or Alcyonaria anthozoans | -soft corals, sea fans, and sea pens -eight pinnate tentacles and 8 unpaired complete septa -all colonial with gastro cavities that connect thru tubes called solenia which pass through an extensive mesoglea (coenenchyma) |
| Phylum Ctenophora vs Cnidarians | see word doc |
| cnidocytes | specialized cells that contain cnidocysts that can sting other organisms; produce over 20 types of cnidae that can be discharged, reabsorbed, and replaced |
| nematocyst | : a type of cnidae that can inject toxin for prey capture or defense; tiny capsules made of chitin-like material and containing a coiled filament; end of the capsule is covered by operculum and the filament may have tiny barbs or spines |
| polyp or hydroid form | adapted to sedentary or sessile lifestyle; tubular body with mouth directed upward and surrounded by tentacles; mouth leads into a blind gastrovascular cavity; bottom attached to substratum by pedal disc |
| medusa | or jellyfish form; adapted to free-living and floating existence |
| planula larvae | free swimming larva that has many cilia for locomotion; produced by polyp form in sea anemones, other anthozoans, and by medusa form in most cnidarians |
| scyphistoma | hydra-like form that develops after planula larvae settles; turns into ephyrae through strobilation |
| strobilation | repeated, linear budding of individuals, like in scyphozoans |
| ephyrae | medusa bud from a scyphozoan polyp |
| nerve net | diffuse nervous system; plexus of nerve cell with one at the base of the epidermis and one at the base of gastrodermis that interconnect; have neurotransmitters on both sides; one system coordinates swimming and slower one controls tentacle movement |
| manubrium | structure projecting from the oral side or a jelly medusa; contains the mouth |
| rhopalia | cluster of sensory structures; include ocelli, chemoreceptor, and statocysts |
| statocyst | specialized sense organs that function in equilibrium |
| velum | shelf like fold of tissue from the bottom of the bell that extends into the bell; reduces cross-sectional area at the bottom of the cell; increases exit velocity of water from the bell when the velum pulsates to make swimming more efficient |
| radial and ring canals | radial canals are canals branching outward from the gastric pouches to a ring canal in the margin and forms a part of the gastrovascular cavity. Ring canals are the circular canal in the edge of the jellyfish umbrella that links the radial canals. |
| pedalium | flattened blade at the base of the tentacles in cubozoan medusae |
| gastric filaments | tentacle like projections that are covered with nematocysts to quiet any prey that may still be struggling; absent in hydro medusae |
| septa | inward extensions of body wall in anthozoa |
| circular vs. longitudinal muscles | contraction of circular muscles cause polyp’s body to elongate and contraction of longitudinal muscles cause it to shorten; in medusa, circular muscles allow them to do jet propulsion |
| acontia | threadlike structure bearing nematocysts located on mesentery of sea anemones |
| siphonoglyp | ciliated furrow in the mouth of sea anemones that extends into the pharynx; creates a water current directed into the pharynx |
| achorargi | club tentacles for defense that are below tentacles in sea anemones |
| zooxanthellae | symbiotic dinoflagellates in tissues of some cnidarians |
| pedal disc | attaches sea anemones to substrates where it lives |
| comb plates | long, fused cilia that form transverse plates across the body (ctenophores); sensitive to touch |
| collenchyme | gelatinous layer in ctenophores derived from ectoderm and endoderm; has extensive muscle fibers, forming radial, meridional, and latitudinal banding patterns |
| cydippid larva | free swimming larva for ctenophores |
| outer epidermis | outer, nonvascular layer of skin of ectodermal origin |
| inner gastrodermis | lines gut cavity and functions in digestion |
| mesoglea* | layer between the epidermis and gastrodermis and is thin in polyps and thick in medusa; gelatinous with epidermal and gastrodermal cells sending processes into it; continuous in p |
Created by:
jennyperez123