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Large Animal
Review Questions from HW
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The best way to restrain a foal is to place an arm around its chest and hind end, then lift it off the ground? (T/F) | False |
| It is counterproductive to attempt any procedures when the twitch is initially applied? (T/F) | True |
| Exercising horses require additional protein for muscle development and repair. (T/F) | True |
| A horses height is measured in hands, with a hand being equal to 6 inches. (T/F) | False (4 inches) |
| During both transtracheal aspiration and bronchoalveolar lavage we like the horse to be heavily sedated. (T/F) | False |
| Horses should never have access to salt, as an overdose can lead to toxicity. (T/F) | False (should be supplemented) |
| The best way to catch a foal is to stand between mare and foal. (T/F) | False (separate mare and foal) |
| Horses are handled primarily from the right, or off side. (T/F) | False (left side) |
| After joint injections, horses should be exercised heavily to ensure the medication settles in properly around the joint. (T/F) | False |
| A pulse deficit is when the palpable pulse and auscultated HR do not synchronize (T/F). | True |
| Self-mutilation is a behavior problem that occurs primarily in? | stallions |
| The horses' hierarchy in a pasture is mostly determined by which factor? | individual temperament |
| What is the term for filing off the grooves, points, and hooks which form on a horses upper and lower molars and premolars? | floating |
| What is called when mares do not show behavioral signs of estrus? | silent heat |
| The BCS of a breeding mare, on the 0-9 scale is ideally: | 5-6 |
| You have been asked to calibrate a horse’s weight by applying a height–weight tape around the horse’s girth, which is the: | area caudal to the withers and just behind the forelimb. |
| A foal is best caught and restrained by: | scratching its withers and then using only one’s arms and body to restrain it |
| What preparatory actions are often taken before vaginal examination of the mare? | wrap the tail and wash the perineal area. |
| The vomeronasal organ is involved in which behavior in the horse? | olfaction |
| The veterinarian performs a “chest tap” on a horse. This most likely indicates that: | the pleural space of a horse with pneumothorax was reduced to normal volume through thoracocentesis |
| The most appropriate method for administering mineral oil to a horse is? | nasogastric tube |
| Which behavior is not related to estrus in the equine? | increased tendency to kick |
| Which of the following is a greeting call used by the horse? | whinny |
| How many days after ovulation do we flush the uterus of the donor mare when performing embryo transfer? | 7 days |
| Which of the following is used to treat failure of passive transfer in a two day old foal? | IV plasma infusion |
| The sciatic nerve must be avoided when injecting into the: | gluteal muscles |
| Horses respond to a handler’s body language more that other large animals. If you are nervous about handling a horse, you should: | move quietly but confidently |
| When placing a dose syringe in the mouth of a horse, the syringe should be positioned: | between the commissures of the lips, then directed caudally |
| The most common location of venous sampling in the horse and bovine is what? | the jugular vein |
| . By performing a transrectal ultrasound study, the veterinarian can evaluate gross fetal movement and measure the eye orbit to do what? | estimate fetal age |
| Which of the following methods is often used to induce estrous activity in the mare during the winter months? | increasing the day length with artificial light |
| A neonatal foal’s fecal material will be of soft consistency and ________ in color | yellow |
| When restraining a foal for treatment or diagnostic procedures, you should: | keep the mare nearby, within sight of the foal. |
| When tying horses, which knot is preferred? | the quick-release knot (Manger Tie) |
| The method frequently used to collect a voided urine sample in equines is to: | use a sterile container to catch the horse's urine midstream |
| . What are the 3 landmarks used on EVERY horse for IM injections into the lateral cervical area? | the nuchal ligament (top of the neck), cervical vertebrae (base of the neck), and scapula (shoulder blade). |
| What is the most common cause of infertility in the mare? | endometritis |
| It is better to stand farther away from a horse than right up next to it. (T/F) | False |
| Of the chain shank restraint on a horse, which is the harshest? | the lip chain |
| Why do we not like the ear twitch in horses? | the ear is easily breakable and grabbing too hard/the wrong way can cause the horse injury. |
| What 2 ways will a horse kick? | up and/or sideways |
| What 2 animals usually have higher normal temperatures and like to become hyperthermic? | sheep and pigs |
| What is the proper way to use a shepherd’s crook? | The hook goes around the base of the sheep’s neck. |
| If repeated venous samples are required, the technician should start first with a more _____ venipuncture site. After the initial venipuncture, the technician should then take samples progressively more _____ on the vein. | distal / proximal |
| When performing venipunctures, the bevel of the needle should always be facing _____. This facilitates venipuncture and is less traumatic to the skin and vein. | up |
| For horses that vehemently resist needles & syringes, you can insert the needle first in either an upward or downward position. Then, once the animal settles, attach the syringe to the needle and aspirate blood. (T/F) | True |
| When administering an IM injection, if you aspirate for negative pressure and blood fills the hub, it indicates that you are where you want to be. (T/F) | False (no blood should be present IM) |
| When administering an IM injection, if you apply too much pressure on the plunger, it may cause the syringe to detach from the needle, spraying medication everywhere and making it impossible to determine the exact amount of drug delivered. (T/F) | True |
| How much medication can be injected into the lateral cervical muscles in Equine? | 10 mL maximum |
| Lateral cervical injections in foals are not recommended. Why not? | intramuscular injections cause soreness and the foal will avoid nursing if its neck is sore. |
| All oral medications are pre-flavored for ease of administration. (T/F) | False |
| Horseshoes should be removed prior to anesthetic induction. (T/F) | True |
| Euthanasia is the outcome for up to 25% of animals that suffer from postanesthetic compartment syndrome. (T/F) | True |
| There is no single, correct approach to equine general anesthesia drug protocols. (T/F) | True |
| When administering epidural anesthesia, the needle can be left in place for a period of time, just in case the horse needs more drug. (T/F) | True |
| Ventilation problems are the primary cause of postanesthetic myopathy and neuropathy in large animals. (T/F) | False (compartment syndrome primary cause) |
| What does an emasculator do? | it cuts and crushes the spermatic cord at the same time |
| The procedure to castrate a horse is the same, whether one or two testicles are descended into the scrotum. (T/F) | False (If there is one testicle and a cryptorchidectomy has to be performed, it requires general anesthesia unlike a normal routine castration) |
| What type of restraint is commonly used for standing surgical procedures? | chemical restraint |
| In an equine, how long can a tourniquet be left in place? | 2 hours |
| What is the most commonly performed equine surgical procedure? | castration |
| Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign of compartment syndrome? | fever |
| Which of the following is NOT a method of equine tracheal intubation? | bronchostomy |
| In the horse, prior to surgery, how long should hay be withheld? | 2 hours |
| Which of the following is given to the horse first after they recover from anesthesia? | water |
| What is recommended, prior to anesthetic induction, to decrease anesthetic time in a horse? | intravenous catheterization, mouth cleaning and flushing, and grooming. |
| In the horse, prior to surgery, how long should grain be withheld? | 12 hours |
| What is NOT part of patient preparation during gelding? | draping (inner thigh scrub, tetanus prophylaxis, and grooming should be performed) |
| What age should a horse be gelded (castrated)? | 18 months |
| What type of bandage is indicated for a 'bloodless' procedure on the lower limb of the horse? | Esmarch |
| What special tool is used in equine castration? | emasculator |
| In what recumbency should horses recover from general anesthesia? | lateral recumbency for recovery |
| Application of what is recommended to protect the lower legs of a horse during anesthetic induction & recovery? | bandages |
| In what surgical recumbency would the horse be on its side with the front limbs in a staggered position and the hindlegs not staggered? | lateral recumbency for surgery |
| In what surgical recumbency would the horse be if the front limbs are allowed to fold naturally at the carpus and the hindlegs are allowed to frogleg? | sternal |
| What is the location where epidural anesthesia is injected into the animal? | between 1st & 2nd coccygeal vertebrae |
| Which of the following is the term for desensitizing skin and SQ tissue around a surgical area, without blocking specific nerves? | field block |
| Which of the following horses is the best candidate for surgery with general anesthesia? -32 year old mare -2 week old foal -6 yr old stallion -3 yr old gelding w blood loss | 6 year old stallion |
| You have just finished an are ovarioectomy on a thoroughbred mare. She is in the recovery area, waking up from general anesthesia. You are watching her, waiting to extubate her. How do you know when to do that? | swallows 3 times |
| What is not a consideration in having surgery performed on a horse? | the size of the horse (surgeon availability, cost, and patient prognosis should be taken into consideration) |
| What Equine surgeries are performed in recumbency? | colic surgery, laparotomy, thoracic biopsy |
| What Equine surgeries are performed standing? | uterine surgery, hoof procedures, tooth extractions |
| What Equine surgeries can be performed standing or recumbent? | laceration repairs and castration |
| What is the main way to reduce intestinal contents in a horse prior to general anesthesia? | fasting the patient |
| What causes compartment syndrome? | collapse of veins and lymphatics that drain the compartment, arteries are open longer, pressure rises, and muscle and nerve cells cannot eliminate waste |
| What is the difference between an open castration and a closed castration in an equine? | open castration involves the testicle area being left open afterwards to drain and heal, closed is performed under sterile conditions like a veterinary clinic and is under anesthesia. |
| What is the term for a horse that only has one descended testicle? | cryptorchid |
| How do you minimize the chances of a large animal developing compartment syndrome under general anesthesia? | limit anesthesia time, use padding on muscles, maintain safe blood pressure, properly position animal. |
| What parts of the animal are anesthetized using caudal epidural anesthesia? | anus, vulva, vagina, perineum, other reproductive areas |
| What are the clinically significant muscle compartments in equine? | triceps, quadriceps, gluteal, and masseturs. |
| Dairy cattle tend to have a shorter flight zone then beef cattle. (T/F) | True |
| The best way to move cattle is to herd them from behind. (T/F) | False (approach from behind the shoulder) |
| What type of teeth do cattle not have? | upper incisors |
| What kind of estrus cycle do cows have? | a year round estrus cycle |
| During anesthetic recovery, once a ruminant is in sternal recumbency, does not require support, and is in no danger of bloating, it can be left unattended. (T/F) | True |
| Drug withdrawal times are not important in the food animal patient. (T/F) | False (no drugs are approved in food animal patients, withdrawal times are important) |
| What direction can the needle be placed when performing a jugular venipuncture on a cow? | can be placed in either direction |
| When using local anesthesia, all the different layers of tissues must be injected. (T/F) | True |
| Where is abdominocentesis performed in cattle? | right of the ventral midline |
| Are cattle more tolerant of venipuncture in the tail or neck? | jugular venipuncture |
| What is the point of balance on a cow? | shoulder |
| If the jugular vein is inaccessible, what other vessel is commonly used for bovine blood collection? | coccygeal vein |
| Lameness is a common disease of dairy cows, and most commonly requires which treatment? | corrective trimming |
| Dairy cows should have their hooves trimmed | once a year |
| Which of the following needle gauge is most appropriate for performing a jugular venipuncture in a cow? | 18ga |
| Which regional analgesic technique involves injection of lidocaine vertically behind the last rib, and horizontally below the transverse processed of the lumbar vertebrae? | inverted line block |
| The best time to de-horn a calf with a dehorning iron is at an age of: | 1 month |
| How many teeth do adult bovine have? | 32 teeth |
| What gauge needle is indicated for intradermal injections in dogs, cats, cattle, and horses? | 25ga |
| What is the most common method of semen collection in the bull? | electroejaculation |
| What is the maximum amount of liquid that can be injected in a single site, SQ, in an adult cow? | 250 mL |
| Which of the following desensitizes only the anus, perineum, vulva, vagina, and thighs of a cow? | caudal epidural analgesia |
| When utilizing regional IV anesthesia in cattle, how long can the tourniquets be left in place, maximum, before they are released so blood flow is restored? | 2 hours |
| What is the maximum age for castration of a calf with elastic ring elastrators? | 3 weeks |
| Most common cause of infertility in a cow? | uterine infection |
| Cattle vaccinations are administered in the __________ region to preserve carcass quality | lateral cervical |
| Where is the incision for a C-section made for an awake ruminant? | the left flank |
| A rumenotomy is going to be performed on a 3 yr old south down cow, what anatomical region are you going to prepare for the incision? | left flank |
| How is tuberculosis tested on cattle? | injecting a purified protein intradermally into the skin fold of the tail |
| Define: the transfer of beneficial microorganisms from the rumen of one individual to another | transfaunation |
| Define: a procedure in which a small amount of anesthetic is injected near a nerve, causing desensitization of a larger area of the body | regional nerve block |
| What's the device used to cut a fetus into smaller parts that can be extracted vaginally more easily? | fetatome |
| Define: aspiration of fluid by inserting a needle into the peritoneal cavity | abdominocentesis |
| What's the procedure in which a dead fetus is cut into smaller pieces so that they can be extracted vaginally? | fetotomy |
| Define: creation of a permanent opening from the skin to the rumen | rumenostomy |
| How do you test a cow for mastitis? | have to use the California Mastitis Test |
| Why are SQ injections not given to cattle over their backs? | it will devalue the hide |
| Describe the process of stripping a teat prior to milk collection. | 1) Palpate teat 2) Wash teat with sanitizing solution 3) Dry teats thoroughly 4) Grasp teat at the base with the 1st and 2nd finger 5) Slide the fingers while still pinching down the teat towards the end |
| The handler c an be struck with a hind leg kick even when they are standing by the animal's shoulder. (T/F) | True |
| _____ are simple head catches with a horizontal single bar on the sides and an open rear area. | stanchions |
| The free end of a rope halter should be on the cow's _____. | left side |
| How does a head catch work? | the device will catch the animal’s head once the shoulders of the animal hits the device and activates it. It will closed around their neck and keep the head in place for restraint. |
| What size needle should be used on crias for IM and SQ injections? | 20g needle |
| Do male or female camelids reach puberty earlier? | female camelids |
| In the camelid, abdominocentesis is performed with a stab incision in the ventral midline. (T/F) | True |
| How should camelid hooves be trimmed? | should be trimmed no closer than 1/2 an inch away from the soft pad of the foot. |
| In sheep and goats supemumery teats are generally removed with a pair of serrated scissors. (T/F) | True |
| Rumen fluid collection in cattle, sheep, and goats is performed right of the ventral midline. (T/F) | True |
| A sharp pocket knife is appropriate for docking the tail of a lamb. (T/F) | True |
| If control is an issue, it is appropriate to back a sheep into a comer and lay on them for restraint. (T/F) | False (Sheep should be sitting on their rump or in some cases require lateral restraint. Do not lay on an animal) |
| Abdominocentesis in cattle, sheep, and goats is performed right of the ventral midline. (T/F) | True |
| In both male and female camelids, placement of a urinary catheter is an easy clinical procedure with just a little practice. (T/F) | False. (Is possible in females. Males it is almost impossible because of a dorsal recess) |
| We use both IV and gas anesthesia to perform castration procedures on kids, lambs, calves, and piglets. (T/F) | False |
| Any embryo implantation or artificial insemination in the alpaca should be performed into the left uterine horn. | True |
| How should a sheep/goat be positioned for a C-section? | in right lateral recumbency |
| Are Llamas or Alpacas taller? | llamas are taller |
| What is the most common defense mechanism of camelids? | spitting |
| What is the highest concentration of lidocaine that can be used in an animal for anesthetic purposes? | 2% |
| How many cervical vertebrae do goats/sheep/horses/giraffes have? | 7 |
| What is NOT a location for IM injections in alpaca? | gluteal (semimebranosis/semitendinosus, caudal cervical epaxial, and/or triceps can be used) |
| What should be added to the IV bag of a neonatal cria that has to undergo surgery? | dextrose |
| What method is indicated for administration of liquids to sheep or goats? | orogastric intubation |
| This is the most common form of restraint for horses, camel ids, pet goats and sheep, as well as pet cows. | halter restraint |
| Where is not a location to collect blood on camelids? | cephalic vein (limb) |
| At the earliest, what age should camelids be castrated? | 32 months |
| What landmark are you palpating for when performing long ( or low) neck jugular venipuncture? | transverse process of the 6th cervical vertebrae |
| In camelids, the urethral orifice is most easily located as: | a palpable groove on the floor of the vulva d |
| Most common breeding method of camelids? | live cover |
| Type of restraint used for a blood draw on a camelid? | halter and lead restraint |
| What are the two anatomical locations visualized to gauge an alpacas temperament? | the ears and tail |
| What gauge needle is preferred for caprine venipuncture? | 20ga |
| What is the name for the special teeth that are only present in intact male llamas and alpacas? | fighting teeth |
| Where is an IV catheter placed in an alpaca or llama? | jugular vein |
| What is the most common type of nerve block used in sheep and goats? | L block |
| What is the maximum volume that can be given to a sheep or goat SQ? | 50 mL |
| What, in male goats, is the source of the rut odor which they use to attract females? | scent glands |
| What is the most common method of semen collection in sheep, goats, and cattle? | electroejaculation |
| How are sheep positioned for hoof trimming? Goats? | sheep set, goats standing. |
| What position should camelids be recovered after general anesthesia? | sternal recumbency |
| What method of artificial insemination is only used in sheep and goats; it is also more expensive than any other method? | laparoscopic |
| What is special about the rostral maxillary dentition of sheep, goats, and cows? | all of them have a dental pad |
| Camelids are induced ovulators, what does this mean? | when a male is ready to breed, a female will release hormones. These hormones help the cervix open in the animal and allow stimulate the egg to develop and then release. |
| What specialized parts of their anatomy makes it difficult to catheterize male sheep and goats? | 1) urethral diverticulum 2) Penial perchrusion 3) Sigmoid flexure |
| What is Berserk Llama Syndrome? | this happens when the cria bonds towards the human owner and starts treating the human as another camelid in its herd. Parent camelids start showing dominating behaviors towards humans. |
| Cystocentesis is indicated for urine collection in swine. (T/F) | False |
| Sows usually don't care if you take their young away. (T/F) | False (fiercely protective) |
| When are piglet tails docked? | between 1-2 days of age |
| Where can pig blood be collected? | from a venous sinus located adjacent to the medial canthus |
| What kind of stomachs do porcine have? | a monogastric stomach, similar to humans |
| Fluid therapy in piglets may be given the intraperitoneal route. (T/F) | True |
| The castration process for swine is very similar to the process for a feline. (T/F) | True |
| How can standing head in a female swine be confirmed? | pressing down on the female's back and eliciting a lordosis response (position of the body to allow reproduction). |
| Restraint of potbellied pet pigs is most similar to that of: | dogs |
| You are about to administer fluid to a newborn piglet; your best choice for administration is usually via the ________route. | IP (intraperitoneal) |
| Which device is commonly used to restrain adult pigs for blood collection. | hog snare |
| Where is lumbosacral epidural anesthesia administered in swine? | Between L6 & S1 |
| The proper location for applying a hog snare or snubbing rope to a Duroc is: | around the upper jaw (maxilla) |
| What is the term for the body position assumed by sows and gilts in heat which results in a rigid stance and erect ears when pressure is applied to the back? | lordosis response |
| What recumbent position is preferred for the post anesthetic porcine patient? | sternal recumbency |
| How many needle teeth do piglets have? | 8 |
| At what age are most pigs castrated? | 3 weeks of age |
| In America, piglets in confinement are weaned at what age? | 21 days |
| Around 10 weeks of age, animals with umbilical hernias are what? | they are slaughtered |
| The primary defense mechanism of swine is: | biting |
| Left jugular blood collection is avoided in pigs due to the phrenic nerves superficial location, which provides motor innervation to the: | diaphragm |
| What mineral must be supplemented to piglets? | iron |
| _________are essential for the safety of veterinary personnel who are restraining pigs | earplugs |
| When administering medication to a pig, which of the following do you have to be watching for the most? | getting bitten |
| The preferred location for IM injections in meat-producing swine is: | dorsal neck muscles, just caudal to the ears |
| Sows in production are generally allowed to nurse their litters for ______ days | 21-35 |
| What is the maximum age that ear notching can be performed on swine? | 2 days |
| What is the maximum volume that can be given IM to pigs? | 3 mL |
| What is the safest vein to draw large volumes of blood from a pig? | cranial vena cava |
| Blindfolding a pig will usually cause it to _______________. | walk backwards |
| The shape of a boar's glans penis? | corkscrew |
| When collection from the medial canthus of the eye in pigs how many mls can be collected? | 5-10 mLs |
| Porcine are fasted for how long before anesthesia? | 6-12 hours |
| For adult porcine, SQ injections are typically given where? | axillary area caudal to the elbow |
| Unlike other animals, when under anesthesia, a major concern in porcine thermoregulation is? | hyperthermia (The porcine’s temperature will become too high) |
| What are the three important factors to remember when intubating a pig? | 1) Has a narrow trachea 2) There’s a blind pouch dorsal to the esophagus 3) The larynx is difficult to visualize |
| The most common method to elicit urine from a male pig is to? | taking a warm towel and stroking the prepuce area. |
| IM injections for adult pigs are routinely given at what anatomical location? | dorsal neck muscles, caudal to the ear. |
| During avian incubation, egg position has little to no effect on embryo life. (T/F) | False (incubated large end up for proper embryo head positioning) |
| When trimmed, the lower beak of the bird is slightly shorter than the upper beak? (T/F) | False |
| In birds, a cardiac puncture is the preferred method to draw large volumes of blood? (T/F) | True |
| During Avian Incubation, temperature can be determined whether hens or roosters are hatched? (T/F) | True |
| What is the only way to administer killed vaccines to poultry? | SQ injection |
| What is the Mortality rate of chickens that don't undergo beak trimming? | 15% |
| What is the term for vaccination into an egg? | in ovo |
| How long is the incubation period for chicken eggs to develop into Chicks? | 21 days |
| Where are SQ injections given to a hen? | over the back |
| What is the preferred location to Administer IM injections to a turkey? | breast muscles |
| What is the term for shinning a light through an egg to look at the interior? | candling |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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