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Biology Test 2
Chapters 6-7, 12-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is cytology? | The study of cell structure |
| What are the two types of cells, and what are some examples of organisms in each? | Prokaryotic: Organisms of domains Archaea and Bacteria. Eukaryotic: Organisms of Protista , Fungi, Animalia, Planta |
| What are some features common to ALL cells? | Bound by plasma membrane, cytoplasm within the membrane, chromosomes, ribosomes. |
| What is true of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell? | Contains a true nucleus, contains most of the genes, enclosed by a nuclear envelope. |
| What are the parts of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell? | Pore complex: regulates entry and exit. Nuclear lamina: lines inner nuclear envelope and maintains shape. Chromatin: DNA wrapped like thread on a spool of protein that makes up chromosomes. Nucleolus: where rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly takes place |
| What is the function of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell? | Store genetic information and synthesize messenger RNA |
| What is the function of a ribosome in a eukaryotic cell? | Perform protein synthesis. |
| What are the membranes of the "Endomembrane System?" | Nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various vacuoles, and plasma membrane |
| Describe the Endoplasmic Reticulum | Accounts for 1/2 of total membranes in eukaryotic cell. Network of cisternae that is continuous with the nuclear envelope. |
| What are the types of Endoplasmic Reticulum? | Rough ER and Smooth ER |
| What is describes the Smooth ER? | Lacks ribosomes, synthesis of lipids, metabolizes carbs, stores calcium ions, detoxes poisons. |
| What describes the Rough ER? | Contains ribosomes, synthesis of secretory proteins, synthesis of membranes and phospholipids. |
| Describe the Golgi Apparatus. | Consists of flattened cisternae. Modifies, stores, and distributes ER products. Synthesis of certain macromolecules. |
| Which side of the Golgi Apparatus receives? | The cis face. |
| What side of the Golgi Apparatus ships? | The trans face. |
| Describe lysosomes. | Present ONLY in animal cells. It's a membranous sack of hydrolytic enzymes. Responsible for intracellular digestion. |
| Describe vacuoles. | Membrane bound vesicle with various functions. Food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, central vacuole. |
| What kind of vacuole is only found in plants? | Central Vacuole |
| When it comes to energy production in a eukaryotic cell, what are the names of the structures responsible...and what type of cell is each one located? | Mitochondria and Chloroplasts. Plants have both mitochondria and chloroplasts...animal cells have only mitochondria. |
| The mitochondria and chloroplasts responsible for energy production, describe their structure. | Contain at least 2 membranes separating the innermost space from cytosol. Contain DNA in a circular shape similar to prokaryote. Both are semi-autonomous. |
| What is the shape of DNA in a prokaryote and that of a eukaryote? | Prokaryote has a circular blob of DNA in it's nucleoid. A Eukaryote has linear DNA like a ribbon. |
| Describe the mitochondria. | Found in both plant and animal cells. Has two membranes. Inner membrane contains cristae (folded up worm looking thing). Responsible for energy production by cellular respiration. |
| Where are the ribosomes and DNA located in the mitochondria? | The Mitochondrial matrix, which is in the cristae of the mitochondria. |
| Describe the structure of a chloroplast. | Contains 3 membranes (Intermembrane space, stroma, thylakoid space). Flattened sacks called thylakoids |
| What makes up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell? | Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate fibers. |
| What are the functions of the cytoskeleton? | Mechanical support, maintenance of cell shape, anchorage for cell components, cell motility, intracellular movement. |
| What type of cell are microtubules present in? | ALL eukaryotic cells, |
| What are microtubules composed of? | Hollow rods of tubulin |
| What are microfilaments composed of? | Solid rods of actin |
| What are some names of some specialized microtubules? | Cilia and flagella |
| What is the cell wall of plants composed of? | Microfibrils of cellulose |
| What is the function of a cell wall? | Protection, maintain shape, prevent excessive uptake of water. |
| Where can the extracellular matrix be found? | Animal cells. On the outside of the cell |
| What is the extracellular matrix composed of? | Secreted glycoproteins |
| What is the purpose of the extracellular matrix? | Support, adhesion, movement, regulation |
| What are the functions of intracellular junctions? | Adhere, interact, communicate. |
| What are the names of the intercellular junctions found between plant cells? | Plasmodesmata |
| What are the names for the intercellular junctions in animal cells? What does each one do? | Tight junctions: forms seals around cells to prevent leakage. Desmosomes: fasten cells together. Gap junctions: provide cytoplasmic channels between cells (similar to plasmodesmata in plant cells). |
| In the phospholipid bilayer membrane, how do most lipids and proteins move? | Laterally |
| How is the fluidity of the membrane affected? | Temperature, cholesterol, and the types of hydrocarbon tails (saturated vs unsaturated). |
| Describe the Integral protein and it's relation to the phospholipid bilayer. | Integral proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer |
| Describe the Peripheral protein and it's relation to the phospholipid bilayer. | Not embedded in membrane...rather loosely bound to the surface. |
| What determines the asymmetrical distribution of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates associated with them in the plasma membrane? | The ER and Golgi make little vesicles that fuse with the membrane and deposit the little contents which may have proteins embedded into the vesicle walls already. |
| What are the two types of transport proteins? | Channel proteins and Carrier proteins. |
| Describe channel proteins. | Have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or atomic ions can tunnel through |
| Describe Carrier proteins. | Hold onto passenger molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane. |
| When it comes to diffusion, how will a substance diffuse? | DOWN the concentration gradient. From high to low. |
| What is osmosis? | The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane |
| What is the tonicity in which plants like to be in? | Hypotonic |
| What does the term "Turgid" refer to? | The normal state in which plant cells are in when in a hypotonic solution |
| What does the term plasmolyzed refer to? | When a plant cell is in a hypertonic solution and the cell shrivels |
| On a chromosome that is has been duplicated and is in the "X" shape, what are the ends of the arms called? | Telomeres |
| What is the name for the two cromosomes that are identical to one another that form the "X" shape ready for mitosis? | Chromatids (sister chromatids) |
| For cell division, what is the term for somatic cells, for sex cells? | Somatic cells = mitosis & sex cells = meiosis |
| What occurs during interphase G1? | Enzymes and organelles are duplicated...but NOT chromosomes! |
| What occurs during interphase S? | Chromosomes are duplicated |
| What occurs during interphase G2? | Cell double checks the duplicated chromosomes |
| What are the phases of mitosis? | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| What happens in prophase? | Chromatin condense and make nucleoli disappear (stains big blue blob). |
| What happens in metaphase? | Chromosomes attach to spindle and align on "metaphase plate". |
| What occurs in anaphase? | Centromeres split and pull chromosomes apart to opposite poles. |
| What occurs in telophase & cytokinesis? | Nuclei begin to form, nuclear envelope begins to form, and chromosomes begin to uncoil. |
| Where is the Mitotic Spindle attached on the chromosome? | At the centrosome |
| With cytokinesis in animal cells, what is the term used to describe the division of the cytoplasm? | Cleavage |
| With cytokinesis in plant cells, how does it occur? | A cell plate forms from a vesicle and divides the one compartment into two. |
| How do prokaryotic cells reproduce? | Binary fission |
| With regard to regulation of the cell cycle, what are the two types of regulatory molecules? | Cyclin-dependent kinases & Cyclins |
| What do Cyclin-dependent kinases do? | Activate or inactivate proteins through phosphorylation. Are present at constant concentrations. |
| What do cyclins do? | Activate the cyclin dependent kinases by attaching to them. Concentrations fluxuate |
| What is density dependent inhibition? | Where crowded cells stop dividing |
| What is anchorage inhibition? | Cells must be attached to a substrate/surface to divide |
| What is a loci? | A specific and well-defined site along the chromosome. |
| What is an example of a homologous chromosome? | Looks alike, but has different versions of the same gene, comes from different parents. |
| Describe a haploid cell. | One copy of each chromosome. Number of chromosomes found in gametes. Haploid number in humans is 23! |
| Describe a diploid cell. | 2N: Two copies of each chromosome. Found in somatic cells. Human diploid number is 46! |
| In the human karyotype, how many pairs of autosomes are there, how many sex chromosomes? | 22 Pairs of Autosomes & and 1 pair of sex chromosomes |
| Which cells, haploid or diploid, can be the only ones to undergo meiosis? | Diploid! |
| In prophase 1, what is the term for when the two homologous chromosomes cross over and hold together? | Synapsis |
| What is a tetrad? | A set of homologous chromosomes held together by a chiasmata (Where the two are physically connected) |
| What are the 4 mechanisms of genetic variation? | Independent assortment of chromosomes. Crossing over. Mutation. Random fertilization. |
| What is the number of possible combinations in the independent assortment of chromosomes? | 2 to the "N'th" power |
| What phase of meiosis does Crossing Over take place? | Prophase 1 |
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