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Genetics 300

Basic Principles of Heredity

Question	Answer
Genes and expression	control basic concepts of heredity
Hair Color	controlled by pigment Melanin.
Enumelanin	black or brown hair
Pheomelanin	red or yellow hair
MC1R gene	found to be responsible -a receptor. Most people with red har carry 2 defective copies of MC1R gene
Mendel's Success	adopted experimental approach and interpreted his results by using mathematics. Mendel formulated hypotheses based on his initial observations and then conducted addl crosses to test it.
Mendel	mated a given phenotype with a similar phenotype until he never saw a different phenotype Homozygous
Law of Segregation	when an individual produces gametes, each gamete will receive only 1 copy of a particular gene
Gene	a genetic factor (region of DNA) that helps determine a characteristic
Allele	One of two or more alternative forms of a gene.
Locus	Specific place on a chrom occupied by an allele
Genotype	set of alleles possessed by an individual
Heterozygote	an individual organism possessing 2 different alleles at a locus
Homogygote	an individual organism possessing 2 of the same allele at a locus
Phenotype or Trait	Appearance or manifestation of a character
Characteristic	attribute or feature
monohybrid crosses	cross between parents that differ in a single gene
Reciprocal crosses	crosses in which phenotypes of male and female are reversed and crossed
Important result of monohybrid cross	each plant was concluded to carry 2 genetic encoding factors since the presence of 2 phenotypes could be found in F2 even though F1 only displayed one phenotype.
Mendel Discovers:	1. each offspring inherit gentic factors from both parents 2. two alleles separate when gametes are formes 1 allele per gamete 3. dominant alleles will mask recessive alleles 4. 2 alleles separate w/ equal probability into gametes. gametes pair randomly
Phenotype expression	caused by genotype (genetic constitution), actions of other genes and their products, and environmental influences and random developmental events
backcross	cross between F1 genotypes ( ex Rr) and its parent ( ex RR or rr )
Principle of Segregation	each individual 2n organism posses 2 alleles for any particular characteristic
Multiplication Rule	the probability of two or more independent events occurring together is calculated by multiplying their independent probabilities. ex. rolling a 4 is 1/6. rolling a 4 a second time is 1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36. KEY WORD - AND
Addition Rule	probability of 2 or more mutually exclusive events is calculated. KEY WORD - EITHER. ex. roll a die and get either a 3 (1/6) or a 4 (1/6) 1/6 + 1/6 = 2/6 = 1/3
testcross	one individual of unknown genotype is crossed with another individual that is homozygous for a recessive trait. if the unknown was heterozygous the f1 would be 1:1 for heterozygous and homozygous recessive.
incomplete dominance	dominance is lacking. phenotype of heterozygous is different form either homozygous phenotypes.
Wild Type	common allele for a character, usually found in the wild symbol +
independent assortment	Alleles encoding for different traits separate independently.
Dihybrid Cross	RrYy can produce 4 gametes according to independent assortment. -> RY Ry rY ry
Goodness of Fit	Results might not exactly equal whole expected numbers. must have a mechanism to determine results fit expectations or whether you must reject hypothesis.
Chi-square test	allows to check for null-hypothesis (difference due to chance) x squared = (observed/ expected)squared / expected

Created by: loveflyny

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