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AP Bio U3 Cell Energ
Cellular Energetics Unit 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Accessory Pigment | any pigment in plants that can absorb light energy and pass the electrons along to the primary pigment which starts the process of photosynthesis |
| Acetyl coA | a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism |
| Action Spectrum | a graph of the rate of biological effectiveness plotted against wavelength of light |
| Activation energy | The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur |
| Active Site | a region on the surface of an enzyme whose shape permits binding only of a specific molecular substrate that then undergoes catalysis. |
| Anabolism | the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones |
| Anaerobic Metabolism | the type of respiration through which cells can break down sugars to generate energy in the absence of oxygen |
| Allosteric Regulation | the process for modulating the activity of a protein by the binding of a ligand, called an effector, to a site topographically distinct from the site of the protein, called the active site, in which the activity characterizing the protein is carried out |
| ATP | the principal molecule for storing and transferring energy in cells |
| Autotroph | an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals |
| Calvin Cycle | a process that plants and algae use to turn carbon dioxide from the air into sugar |
| Catabolism | the sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which relatively large molecules in living cells are broken down, or degraded |
| Catalyst | A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not consumed or altered in the process |
| Cellular Respiration | the process by which food, in the form of sugar (glucose), is transformed into energy within cells |
| Chemiosmosis | The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient |
| Photosynthesis | the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar |
| Substrate-level Phosphorylation | the formation of ATP from ADP and a phosphorylated intermediate, rather than from ADP and inorganic phosphate, Pi |
| Chemoautotroph | organisms that obtain their energy from a chemical reaction (chemotrophs) but their source of carbon is the most oxidized form of carbon, carbon dioxide (CO2). |
| Chlorophyll | a pigment that gives plants their green color, and it helps plants create their own food through photosynthesis |
| Chloroplast | plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process |
| Citric Acid Cycle | key metabolic pathway that connects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. The reactions of the cycle are carried out by eight enzymes that completely oxidize acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, into two molecules each of carbon dioxide and water. |
| Coenzyme | organic compounds required by many enzymes for catalytic activity |
| Cofactor | a non-protein chemical compound that tightly and loosely binds with an enzyme or other protein molecules |
| Compartmentalization | the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently |
| Consumer | any organism that can't make its own food |
| Cyclic Electron Flow | a 'short circuiting' of the normal z scheme of the light reaction of photosynthesis where energy that otherwise would have gone into making NADPH instead is diverted towards making more ATP. |
| Denaturation | process modifying the molecular structure of a protein. Denaturation involves the breaking of many of the weak linkages, or bonds, within a protein molecule that are responsible for the highly ordered structure of the protein in its natural state. |
| Electron Transport Chain | A group of compounds that pass electron from one to another via redox reactions coupled with the transfer of proton across a membrane to create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis |
| Entropy | a measure of randomness or disorder in a system. |
| Endergonic Reaction | one that requires free energy to proceed. An example of an endergonic reaction of biological interest is photosynthesis ---using solar photons to drive the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose and the oxidation of water to oxygen. |
| Enzyme | proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies |
| Exergonic Reaction | a reaction that releases free energy in the process of the reaction. |
| Positive Feedback | occurs to increase the change or output: the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more quickly |
| Thylakoid membrane | A saclike membrane in the chloroplasts of plant cells that is often arranged in stacks called grana and that is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Feedback Inhibition | suppression of the activity of an enzyme, participating in a sequence of reactions by which a substance is synthesized, by a product of that sequence. |
| Fermentation | an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available |
| Glycolysis | the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy |
| Heterotroph | an organism that consumes other organisms in a food chain |
| Induced Fit Model | model for enzyme–substrate interaction to describe that the substrate is capable of inducing the proper alignment of the active site of the enzyme, causing the latter to subsequently perform its catalytic function. |
| Light Dependent Reactions | the series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis requiring light energy that is captured by light-absorbing pigments (such as chlorophyll) to be converted into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) |
| Light Independent Reactions | a series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis not requiring light to proceed, and ultimately produce organic molecules from carbon dioxide |
| Metabolic Pathway | a set of actions or interactions between genes and their products that results in the formation or change of some component of the system, essential for the correct functioning of a biological system. |
| Mitochondrion | membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate |
| NAD+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, is a critical coenzyme found in every cell in your body, and it's involved in hundreds of metabolic processes. |
| NADP | coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier, accepting electrons and hydrogen atoms to form NADPH, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. |
| Negative Feedback | a self-regulatory system in which it feeds back to the input a part of a system's output so as to reverse the direction of change of the output. |
| Mon-Cyclic Electron Flow | a 'short circuiting' of the normal z scheme of the light reaction of photosynthesis where energy that otherwise would have gone into making NADPH instead is diverted towards making more ATP |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | an electron transfer chain driven by substrate oxidation that is coupled to the synthesis of ATP through an electrochemical transmembrane gradient |
| Photolysis | chemical process by which molecules are broken down into smaller units through the absorption of light. |
| Ribulose Bisphosphate | A five-carbon sugar that is combined with carbon dioxide to form two three-carbon intermediates in the first stage of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis |
Created by:
Micah Wixom
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