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AP Bio U4 Cell Commu
Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Unit 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Signal Transduction Pathway | involves the binding of extracellular signaling molecules and ligands to receptors located on the cell surface or inside the cell that trigger events inside the cell, to invoke a response |
| Protein Kinase | enzymes that regulate the biological activity of proteins by phosphorylation of specific amino acids with ATP as the source of phosphate, thereby inducing a conformational change from an inactive to an active form of the protein |
| Cyclic AMP | a cyclic mononucleotide of adenosine that is formed from ATP and is responsible for the intracellular mediation of hormonal effects on various cellular processes |
| Chromosome | A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell |
| Somatic Cell | any cell of the body except sperm and egg cells |
| Mitosis | a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that occurs when a parent cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells |
| Centrosome | a cellular structure involved in the process of cell division. |
| Cyclin Dependent Kinases | protein kinases characterized by needing a separate subunit - a cyclin - that provides domains essential for enzymatic activity. |
| Metastasis | The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body |
| Sexual Reproduction | occurs when the sperm from the male parent fertilizes an egg from the female parent, producing an offspring that is genetically different from both parents |
| Autosome | any of the numbered chromosomes, as opposed to the sex chromosomes |
| Anaphase | the third phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. |
| Metaphase | The second stage stage in the cell cycle where all the genetic material is condensing into chromosomes |
| Interphase | the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis. |
| Hormone | chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body |
| Protein Phosphatases | a covalent addition of the phosphate group to the side chain of tyrosine, serine, and threonine amino acid residues |
| Apoptosis | A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell lead to its death |
| Chromatin | a substance within a chromosome consisting of DNA and protein |
| Sister Chromatid | either of the two identical chromatids that are formed by replication of a chromosome during the S phase of the cell cycle, are joined by a centromere, and segregate into separate daughter cells during anaphase. |
| Cytokinesis | the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells. |
| Cleavage | the first few cellular divisions of a zygote (fertilized egg) |
| Density Dependent Inhibition | The phenomenon exhibited by most normal (anchorage dependent) animal cells in culture that stop dividing once a critical cell density is reached |
| Gene | The basic unit of heredity that occupies a specific location on a chromosome |
| Diploid (2N) | a cell or organism that has paired chromosomes, one from each parent |
| Sex Chromosome | a type of chromosome that participates in sex determination. |
| Cell Division | the division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material. |
| Prophase | the first phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells |
| Homologous Chromosomes | Two chromosomes in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father |
| Ligand | something that binds with a biological molecule to form a complex and produce some effect. |
| Second Messengers | small molecules and ions that relay signals received by cell-surface receptors to effector proteins. |
| Genome | An organism's complete set of DNA |
| Gamete | an organism's reproductive cells |
| Centromere | a constricted region of a chromosome that separates it into a short arm (p) and a long arm (q) |
| Mitotic Spindle | the microtubule-based bipolar structure that segregates the chromosomes in mitosis |
| Binary Fission | asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies |
| Tumor | An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should |
| Asexual Reproduction | involves a single parent. It results in offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent. All prokaryotes and some eukaryotes reproduce this way. There are several different methods of asexual reproduction. |
| Haploid (N) | the quality of a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes. |
| Cell Cycle | The process a cell goes through each time it divides |
| Telophase | the fourth and final phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. |
| S Phase | the period of wholesale DNA synthesis during which the cell replicates its genetic content |
Created by:
Micah Wixom
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