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Brain
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Brain is Delicate organ that is surrounded and protected by | 3 membranes called Meninges |
| Outermost membrane | dura matter (tough matter) |
| Dura matter is the | stronges and has 2 layers |
| Located between the two layers of matter there are the | Meningeal arteries and the dural sinuses |
| Provide drainage from the brain | dural sinuses |
| help to seperate the structures of the brain to provide additional cushioning and support | dural folds |
| seperates the Cerebral hemispheres | Falx cerebri |
| Spreads out like a tent forms the partition between the cerebrum and cerebellum | Tentorium Cerebelli |
| delicate transparent membrane | Arachnoid membrane |
| Arachnoid membrane is separated from the Dura mater by a potential space called | subdural space |
| highly vascular layer that adheres closely to the contours of the brain | inner layer or Pia mater |
| space separates the Pia mater from the Arachnoid mater | subarachnoid space |
| This space contains cerebrospinal fluid that circulates around the brain and the spinal cord and provides further protection to the central nervous system. | subarachnoid space |
| provides a pathway for the circulation of the cerebral spinal fluid throughout the CNS. | Ventricular system |
| A major portion of the ventricular system is composed of four fluid-filled cavities (ventricles) located | deep within the brain. |
| two most superior cavities are | right and left lateral ventricles |
| ventricles lie within each cerebral hemisphere and are separated at the midline by a thin partition known as the | septum pellucidum |
| lateral ventricles consist of three central portions called | the body and three extensions: the frontal (anterior), occipital (posterior), and temporal (inferior) horns. |
| The junction of the body and the occipital and the temporal horns form the triangular area termed | Trigone (atria) |
| thin slit like structure located midline just inferior to the lateral ventricles | Third ventricle |
| anterior wall of the third ventricle is formed by a thin membrane termed | lamina terminalis |
| lateral walls are formed by the | thalamus |
| third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle via a | Long, narrow passageway termed the cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of sylvius) |
| reaches the fourth ventricle by traversing the posterior portion of the midbrain | cerebral aqueduct ` |
| diamond shaped cavity located anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the Pons | fourth ventricle |
| Separating the fourth ventricle from the cerebellum is a thin | membrane forming the superior and inferior medullary velum |
| major exit route for CSF passage is | foramen of Magendie, |
| located on the posterior wall of the fourth ventricle, which allows communication with cistern magna | foramen of Magendie |
| The apertures allow for passage if CSF between the ventricles and the subarachnoid space | foramen of Luschka |
| two lateral apertures termed | foramen of Luschka |
| a relatively narrow fluid-filled space surrounding the brain and spinal cord | subarachnoid space |
| where the subarachnoid space becomes widened | primarily around the base of the brain |
| The combined term for these widened areas of pools of CSF is a | basal (subarachnoidal) cistern |
| Located within the ventricular system is a network of blood vessels termed | choroid plexus |
| produces CSF | choroid plexus |
| lines the floor of the lateral ventricles, roof of the third ventricle, and inferior medullary velum of the fourth ventricle. | choroid plexus |
| Frequently the __________is partially calcified, making it more noticeable on computed tomography scans | choroid plexus |
| Excess CSF is reabsorbed in the | Dural Sinuses by away of Arachnoid villi. |
| berrylike projections of Arachnoid that penetrate the dura mater | Arachnoid villi |
| Enlargements of the Arachnoid villi are termed | granulations |
| Within the calvaria these____________ can cause pitting of depressions that are variations of normal anatomy | granulations |
| relatively narrow fluid-filled space surrounding the brain and spinal cord | subarachnoid space |
| One of the largest cisterns is | cistern magna |
| located in the lower posterior fossa between the medulla oblongata, cerebellar hemispheres, and occipital bone | cistern magna |
| located between the peduncles of the midbrain and communicates inferiorly with the pontine cistern | interpeduncular cistern |
| Important structures include cranial nerves V, VII, and VIII, and the superior and anterior inferior cerebellar arteries | cerebellopontine angel |
| courses around the lateral surface of the midbrain, connecting the interpeduncular cistern with the quadrigeminal cistern | ambient cistern |
| cistern lies between the splenium of the corpus callosum and the superior surface of the cerebellum just posterior to the colliculi of the midbrain or the quadrigeminal plate | cistern lies between the splenium of the corpus callosum and the superior surface of the cerebellum just posterior to the colliculi of the midbrain or the quadrigeminal plate |
| Located above the sella is the | suprasellar (chiasmatic) cistern |
| contains the optic chiasm and the circle of Willis | suprasellar (chiasmatic) cistern |
| largest portion of brain | Cerebrum |
| Divided into right and left hemispheres | Cerebrum |
| Each hemisphere contains neural tissue arranged in numerous folds called | gyri |
| gyri are separated by shallow grooves called ____ and deeper grooves called_______ | sulci and fissures |
| Considered motor strip of the brain. | precentral gyrus |
| sensory strip of brain | postcentral gyrus |
| two main fissures of the cerebrum are | longitudinal fissure and lateral fissre (sylvian fissure) |
| long deep furrow that divides left and right cerebral hemispheres | longitudinal |
| deep furrow that seperates fromtal and parietal lobes from temperal | lateral fissure |
| numerous blood vessels and primarily branches of the middle cerebral artery, follow the course of | lateral fissure |
| whole has many critically important functions, including thought, judgment, memory, and discrimination | The cerebrum |
| consists of gray matter (neuron cell bodies) and white matter (myelinated axons) | The cerebrum |
| outermost portion of the cerebrum, is composed of gray matter approx 3-5 mm thick | cerebral cortex |
| not only receives sensory input but also sends instructions to the muscles and glands for control of bodily movement and activity | cortex |
| contains fibers that create pathways for the Deep to the cortex is _________ transmission of nerve impulses to and from the cortex | White matter |
| largest and densest bundle of white matter fibers within the cerebrum is | corpus callosum |
| forms the roof of the lateral ventricles and connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres | corpus callosum |
| The four parts to the corpus callosum, from anteroinferior to posterior, are | the rostrum, genu, body, and splenium |
| The two other important bundles of white matter fibers are the | anterior and posterior commissures. |
| this commissure crosses the midline within the lamina terminalis and connects the anterior portions of each temporal lobe. | anterior commissure |
| pathway made of several fibers that transmit nerve impulses for papillary (consensual) light reflexes. | posterior commissures |
| cerebral cortex of each hemisphere can be divided into four individual lobes | frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal |
| boundaries of the ______ lobe are the central sulcus, which separates it from the parietal lobe, and the lateral fissure, which separates it from the temporal lobe | frontal lobe |
| mediates a wide variety of functions such as reasoning, judgment, emotional response, planning and execution of complex actins, and control of voluntary muscle movement | frontal lobe |
| also involved with the production of speech and contains the motor speech language center, brocas’ area. | frontal lobe |
| lies laterally on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe dominant for language, typically in the left frontal gyrus | brocas’ area |
| This area is involved in the coordination or programming of motor movements for the production of speech sounds | brocas’ area |
| is located in the middle portion of each cerebral hemisphere just posterior to the central sulcus | parietal lobe |
| separates the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe | horizontal portion of the lateral fissure |
| associated with the perception of the temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, pain, and taste and is involved in writing and in some aspect of reading | parietal lobe |
| occipital lobe, is separated from the parietal lobe by the | parieto-occipital fissure |
| involved in the conscious perception of visual stimuli. | occipital lobe |
| receives input from the optic radiations extending from the thalamus | primary visual area |
| temporal lobe is anterior to the occipital lobe and is separated from the parietal lobe by the | lateral fissure |
| Conscious perceptions of auditory and olfactory stimuli are functions of ___________the as well as dominance for language | temporal lobe |
| Memory processing occurs via the | amygdala and hippocampus |
| clusters of gray matter located in the parahippocampal gyrus of the temporal lobe | amygdala and hippocampus |
| Located on the superior temporal gyrus is the ________ which can be divided into the primary and secondary auditory areas. | auditory cortex |
| primary auditory areareceives the major auditory sensory information from the bilateral cochlea | Heschl's gyrus |
| center for the comprehension and formulation of speech | Wernicke’s area |
| . Deep to the temporal lobe is another area of cortical gray matter termed theoften referred to as the fifth lobe | insula (island of reil) |
| is separated from the temporal lobe by the lateral fissure and is thought to mediate the motor and sensory functions of the viscera. | insula |
| are a collection of subcortical gray matter consisting of the caudate nucleus, lentiform, nucleus, and claustrum | Basal nuclei (ganglia) |
| they contribute to the planning and programming of muscle action and movement | Basal nuclei (ganglia) |
| largest basal nuclei are the | caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus |
| parallels the lateral ventricle and consists of a head, body and tail. | The caudate nucleus |
| causes an indentation to the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles | the head |
| terminates at the amygdala in the temporal lobe. | the tail of the caudate nucleus |
| is a biconvex lens-shaped mass of gray matter located between the insula, caudate nucleus, and thalamus | The lentiform nucleus |
| can be further divided into the globus pallidus and the putamen | The lentiform nucleus |
| thin linear layer of gray matter lying between the insula and the lentiform nucleus and is thought to be involved with the mediation of visual attention | The claustrum |
| separate the basal nuclei and transmit electrical impulses throughout the brain | Tracts of white matter |
| shaped like a boomerang and separates the thalamus and caudate nucleus from the lentiform nucleus | internal capsule |
| thin layer of white matter that separates the claustrum from the lentiform nucleus | external capsule |
| located between the claustrum and insular cortex is the extreme capsule | thin layer of white matter |
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