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Bacteria
Cell structure and history
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Plasma Membrane consists of... | phosophlipids |
| Polar head of plasma membrane characteristics | Phosphate group and glycerol, hydrophilic, soluble |
| Non-polar Tail characteristics | Fatty acids, hydrophobic, insoluble |
| Substances that dissolve easily in lipids | oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nonpolar organic molecules |
| Glycocalyx | Sugar coat |
| What is the glycocalyx made of? | mucopolysaccharide |
| Glycocalyx functions: | prevents water loss, reservoir, protection against host immune system, protects against abrasion |
| Capsule | made of polysaccharide, polypeptide or both |
| How does a capsule defend itself from the host immune system? | emits a nasty taste |
| cell membrane functions | serves as a selective barrier and take on functions of organelles |
| gram positive cell wall | many layers of peptidoglycan (80%) and teichocic acid present |
| gram positive LPS content and susceptibility to medicines like penicillin? does it have an outer membrane? | low LPS content, high susceptibility, and no outer membrane |
| gram negative cell wall | no teichoic acid and a thin layer of peptidoglycan (5-20%). Has a portion of lipopolysaccharides |
| gram negative LPS content? does it have an outer membrane? | high LPS and outer membrane present |
| What color does gram positive stain? | blue or purple |
| what color does gram negative stain? | pink or red |
| perisplasm is only present in_____ and is..... | gram negative, gel like fluid between outer membrane and plasma membrane where peptidoglycan bonds to lipoproteins. Has hydrolytic enzymes that chop up large molecules |
| lipid A. who secretes it and what is it? | gram negative bacteria and it is an endotoxin which causes fever and blood clotting |
| O polysaccharide | identifier of gram negative bacteria and is an antigen |
| in osmosis, which side does water go to? | hypertonic side (high solute concentration) |
| passive diffusion | small molecules pass through via membrane or channel protein |
| permeases | carrier proteins that participate in facilitate diffusion to get larger molecules across the membrane |
| active transport | requires a carrier protein and moves against diffusion (low to high) |
| advantages of plasmids | antibiotic resistance, break down of toxic materials, aids in sexual reproduction |
| how many chromosomes are typically in the nucleiod region of bacteria | 1-2 |
| Inclusions (how are they different from vacuoles) | serve as storage, but differ from vacuoles due to lack of membrane |
| Examples of inclusions and what can be stored (think the main components of cells) | volutin (phosphate storage), glycogen (carbohydrates), lipid stores, sulfur, iron, ribosomes |
| what do vacuoles store and what is the membrane composed of? | oxygen and carbon dioxide. membrane is composed of protein |
| what bacteria are most likely to have flagella? | spirilla, and bacilli |
| which parts of the flagella are gram positive and negative? | bottom is positive and top is negative |
| without flagella | atrichous |
| monotrichous | one flagella |
| amphitrihous | flagella on each side |
| lophotrichous | multiple flagella |
| peritrichous | flagella all around body |
| pili | extensions of membrane used for attachment to surfaces |
| chemotaxis | movement towards a particular type of concentration gradient |
| stage 1 (sporulation) | bacterial chromosome becomes thread called axial filament and attaches to plasma membrane |
| stage 2 (sporulation) | cell division occurs, forming a small capsule on one side that contains a majority of DNA |
| stage3 (sporulation) | two layers of membrane surround capsule |
| stage 4 (sporulation) | original cell lyses and starts to disintegrate. exospore forms and dehydration occurs |
| stage 5 (sporulation) | formation of protective coat and dehydration |
| stage 6 (sporulation) | maturation of endospore |
| stage 7 (sporulation) | cell lyses and releases spore |
| exosporium | outer surface layer of spore |
| cortex | layer of glycopeptid in spore near core |
| what types of bacteria form endospores? | bacillus and clostridium |
| rickettsia characteristics (type, flagella, vector) | gram negative coccobacilli, parasitic, no flagella, biting insects |
| what diseases do rickettsia cause? (spotted diseases) | typhus and rocky mountain spotted fever, bubonic plague |
| mycoplasm characteristics (known for, flagella, gram stain) | PPLO (pleuro pneuomia like organisms), gram negative with no cell wall, and pleomorphic (changes shape). No flagella |
| Fusiform | anaerobic bacteria that is pleomorphic and spindle shaped |
| Palisade | bacteria that take on a vertical link as opposed to horizontal. diphtheria is an example |
| tubercule | small lesions in lungs due to tuberculosis |
| is a spirillum or spirochete larger? | spirillum |
Created by:
Lyd543
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