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AICE Marine 2.2-2.3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| weathering | break down of rocks/sediment; produces small fragments |
| erosion | carried away/removal of sediment |
| chemical weathering | more acidic water will break down rocks shells, & corals exoskeleton |
| physical weathering | the movement of water & suspended sediment/sand will break down rocks & coral's skeleton |
| organic weathering | AKA biological weathering; burrowing animals & coral's predators |
| ice | glaciers move & weather/carve & create fjords; deposit sediment in new locations as the glacier moves |
| water | ice glaciers move & weather/carve & create fjords; deposit sediment in new locations as the glacier moves water |
| wind | wind can carry sediment great distances |
| gravity | particles will be dragged down through the depths due to gravity (think: the edge of a cliff falling off & sinking to the sea floor; submarine landslide) |
| sedmentation | deposition/build-up/accumulation of sediment/suspended particles |
| larger particle size | takes more energy to move/erode |
| larger particle | be at high tide mark |
| smaller particle | be at low tide mark |
| faster the movement of water | the more energy there is to move the particles/sediment & therefore the larger the particles it can carry |
| littoral zone | intertidal region on a shoreline, between the highest and lowest spring tide marks |
| rochy shores | Waves, currents, & tides weather the rocky shore / rocks |
| rocky shores | Little erosion (granite & igneous rocks are resistant to weathering) |
| rocky shores | Very little sedimentation |
| rocky shores | Can form rock/tide pools |
| rocky shores | Rocks provide an attachment site/hiding places/more habitats than sandy shores |
| rocky shores | More producers = higher productivity = more food than sandy shores |
| marine terraces | weathered and eroded when the sea level was higher |
| sandy shores | Typically smaller waves than on a rocky shore |
| sandy shores | gradual slope |
| sandy shores | Sand/sediment constantly shifts (not much energy is needed to move the small particles) |
| sandy shores | Animals burrow/infauna |
| sandy shores | Waves, currents, tides, & wind weather & erode sediment (more so in the winter months) |
| sandy shores | Waves, currents, tides, & wind deposit sediment (sedimentation) (more so in the summer months) |
| muddy shores | Somewhat protected from waves |
| muddy shores | Very little weathering / erosion |
| muddy shores | formed by sedimentation |
| muddy shores | Smallest particle size (silt) |
| muddy shores | low in oxygen |
| muddy shores | Animals burrow / infauna |
| muddy shores | Very gradual slope / mud flats |
| deltas | Where a river ends at the sea |
| deltas | Rivers' moving water weather and erode; deposit sediment at the end, on the continental shelf |
| deltas | Shaped by sedimentation |
| estuary | Sheltered or semi-enclosed bodies of water where fresh & salt water mix (AKA brackish); therefore low salinity |
| estuary | Sheltered from weathering and erosion by waves, silt & fine sand is deposited here; can have high turbidity |
| estuary | AKA: lagoon, bay, sound, slough |
| drowned river valley | formed at the end of the last ice age; increase in sea level flooded the river delta |
| fjords | formed as a result of weathering and erosion from moving glaciers |
| bar built | formed by a sand bar or barrier island |
| tectonic | formed by tectonic activity; land subsided & sea water flooded in |
| tides | The vertical movement of water on the coast/the change in water height on the coastline; due to the gravitational pull of the Moon & Sun |
| tidal range | The distance on the coast between the high and low water/tides (changes daily) |
| straight line= | greater gravitational pull |
| greater gravitational pull= | larger tidal range |
| larger tidal range= | spring tides |
| right angles= | less gravitational pull |
| less gravitational pull= | smaller tidal range |
| coastal geomorphology | As the coast narrows, water piles up on itself, increases the tidal range |
| wind | Increased wind speed will push more water on & off of the coast, increasing the tidal range |
| lower air pressure= | increased tidal range |
| larger body of water= | greater tidal range |
| smaller body of water= | little to no tidal range |
| spring tide | occurs twice a month |
| spring tide | greatest gravitational pull |
| spring tide | when Earth, Moon, and Sun are in a straight line |
| spring tide | New & Full moon |
| neap tide | occurs twice a month |
| neap tide | weakest gravitational pull |
| neap tide | when Earth, Moon, & Sun are at right angles |
| neap tide | 1st and 3rd quarter moon |
| currents | continuous moving ocean water--deep & surface currents |
| cold surface currents move from | high lats to low lats |
| warm surface currents move from | low lats to high lats |
| dense water sinks and forms | deep currents |
| Coriolis effect | phenomenon that causes surface currents to be deflected to the right in the N hemisphere & to the left in the S hemisphere (creates gyres) |
| upwelling | the movement (current) of cold, nutrient-rich water from the deep/bottom of the sea to the surface; caused by wind at the surface (creating a low pressure) and steep-sided topography |
| global ocean conveyor belt | Cold, salty (dense) water sinks in high latitudes; forms deep currents |
| global ocean conveyor | Upwells near the equator & where there are steep-sided topographic features (west coast of N & S America) |
| global ocean conveyor belt | Brings cold, nutrient rich water to the surface & carries warm water away from low latitudes |
| normal condition | wind E-W |
| normal condition | surface currents E-W |
| normal condition | Surface water piles up/higher Australia/Indonesia |
| normal condition | Good upwelling off of S. America |
| normal condition | Cold, dry conditions S. America |
| normal condition | Warm, wet conditions Australia/Indonesia |
| el nino | wind reverses W-E |
| el nino | Surface currents reverse W-E |
| el nino | Upwelling slows/stops |
| el nino | Cool, dry conditions Australia/Indonesia |
| el nino | Warmer waters = less nutrients, less phytoplankton, low productivity, less food, fish die |
| el nino | Warmer waters = zooxanthellae die, coral bleaches, coral dies |
| el nino | Cool & dry in Australia/Indonesia = droughts & fires |
| el nino | Warm & Wet in S. America = flooding & landslides |
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