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AP GOV Unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Elite Democracy | Same group of elite holds power, think presidency |
| Pluralist Democracy | Groups involved in voting, interest groups like PETA and NRA |
| Participatory Democracy | Everyone gets a vote, voting |
| Federalists | Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption |
| Anti-federalists | Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoptions |
| NJ Plan | Senate; every state gets the same amount of votes |
| VA Plan | House; amount of representatives based on population |
| Great Comp | Bi-cameral congress, House and Senate |
| ⅗ Compromise | Slaves are to be counted as 3/5s of a person when counting for population |
| Limited Government | The idea that certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect the natural rights of citizens |
| Rule of Law | The restriction of the arbitrary exercise of power by subordinating it to well defined and established laws, |
| Popular sovereignty | The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government; people express themselves through voting and free participation in government |
| State sovereignty | States have control over their territory and share it with the national government |
| Federalism | A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people; system of shared power between units of governments |
| Bill of Attainder | A law that declares a person, without trial, to be guilty of a crime; the state legislatures and Congress are forbidden to pass such acts, Article 1, Sections 9 and 10, of the Constitution. |
| Ex Post Facto law | A law that changes the legal status or consequences of an action after it has already been done, especially a law that makes an action illegal after it has been committed. |
| Writ of habeas corpus | A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody |
| Loose construction | Favoring a looser interpretation of the Constitution, giving the federal government more power |
| Strict construction | Restricts Constitution interpretation, limits federal government |
| Expressed/Enumerated/delegated powers | Powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution; for Congress, these powers are listed in Article I, Section 8, and include the power to coin money, regulate its value, and impose taxes |
| Concurrent powers | Powers that both the National Government and the States possess and exercise |
| Reserved powers | Powers that the Constitution does not give to the national government that are kept by the states |
| Necessary and proper clause | Clause of the Constitution Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 setting forth the implied powers of Congress; states that Congress has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government |
| Supremacy Clause | Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. |
| Commerce Clause | The clause in the Constitution Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations |
| Full faith and credit Clause | Clause in the Constitution (Article IV, Section 1) requiring each state to recognize the civil judgments rendered by the courts of the other states and to accept their public records and acts as valid |
| Equal protection Clause | Forbids any state to deny any person within its jurisdiction equal protection under the law |
| Due process clause | Prohibits the government from depriving a person of life, liberty, and property without due process of law |
| Selective incorporation | Ensures states cannot create laws that infringe or take away the constitutional rights of citizens |
| Mandate | A command from a superior court or official to a lower one, an authoritative command, formal order, authorization; a command or authorization to act in a particular way on a public issue given by the electorate to its representative |
| Block grant | Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services |
| Categorical grant | Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes, or "categories," of state and local spending; they come with strings attached |
| Fiscal federalism | The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments |
| Cooperative federalism | A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states an the national government; they may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly |
| Revenue sharing | The distribution of a portion of federal tax to state and local governments |
| Devolution | Transferring responsibilities for policies from the federal government to state and local governments |
Created by:
bhillmann
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