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Reformation
AP Euro Study
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Lutheranism | - Salvation can only be achieved through faith - two sacraments; communion/baptism - knowledge gained through personal study of scripture |
| Reformation | a movement to reform the Catholic Church that split the Church and led to Protestantism |
| Pluralism | church officials held multiple positions in order to increase revenue |
| Nepotism | Popes picked their family member for key Church leadership positions; regardless if they were qualified |
| Indulgences | church permitted the sale of these which people would purchase in order to free their loved ones' souls from purgatory |
| Martin Luther | - followed Christian humanist practices of reading the Bible; wanted answers about the meaning of a good Christian; doesn't like the sale of indulgences; 95 Theses |
| Transubstantiation | the idea that during Mass, the bread and wine used for Communion become the body and blood of Jesus Christ – is central to the Catholic faith |
| Protestant | a member or follower of any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation |
| 95 Theses | written by Martin Luther, which propounded two central beliefs—that the Bible is the central religious authority and that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds—was to spark the Protestant Reformation |
| Calvin's Institutes | a book written by John Calvin, is about the Reformation and Protestant theology; argues for the majesty of God and for justification by faith alone |
| Justification by faith | The belief that humans are justified before God by grace through faith |
| Act of Supremacy | 1534 - An English act of Parliament that made Henry VIII the "Supreme Head of the Church of England" so he can obtain an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and to oppose the Catholic Church |
| Predestination | Calvinists believed this; that God knew before everyone was born wether they were going to heaven or hell |
| Salvation | God's grace; being forgiven for our sins |
| Holy Office | used formerly as the name of the Roman Catholic congregation of the people charged with protecting faith and morals that is now called the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith |
| Jesuits | Founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, a member of the Society of Jesus, |
| Anabaptists | movement of the Protestant Reformation, believed in adult baptism, equal believers (no hierarchy), separation of church and state, simple living |
| Anglicans | movement of the Protestant Reformation, formed when the Church would not let King Henry VIII get a divorce from Catherine after she failed to produce a male heir, believed in faith and good works, King is the head of the church (Acts of Supremacy) |
| Ignatius Loyola | founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) |
| Lutherans | founded by Martin Luther, believed in justification in faith alone; two sacraments - baptism and communion |
| Calvinists | movement of the Protestant Reformation, believed in predestination - looked for signs such as wealth and power - John Calvin |
| Leo X | rejected the Protestant Reformation and was Pope, made Luther start the Reformation because of his handling of Church finances; sold indulgences to fund the renovation of St. Peters Basilica |
| John Calvin | founded Calvinism, wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion" |
| Huguenots | French Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who followed the teachings of theologian John Calvin |
| Henry VIII | King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547; best known for his six marriages, and for his efforts to have his first marriage annulled which started Anglicanism |
| Ursalines | a Roman Catholic female religious order devoted to girls' education |
| Roman Inquisition | an agency established in 1542, was designed chiefly to combat Protestantism, which was conceived and defined as heresy in Catholic territories |
| John Knox | helped write the new confession of faith and the ecclesiastical order for the newly created reformed church, the Kirk; he wrote his five-volume The History of the Reformation in Scotland between 1559 and 1566 |
| Pope Paul III | was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 October 1534 to his death in 1549; proved unable to defeat the Protestant Reformation, although it was during his pontificate that the foundation was laid for the Counter-Reformation |
| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | 1572 - targeted massacres directed against the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion; instigated by Catherine de Medici because convinced by radical Catholic Guise to murder them - part of the FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION |
| Edict of Nantes | 1598 - consequence of French Wars of Religion: resolves religious conflict; affirms Catholicism as official religion of France but gives Protestants rights to practice their faith |
| Diet of Worms | the assembly convened by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to address, among other issues, the works of the reformer Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) who openly criticized the Church |
| Vernacular | common language; so people could study the Bible |
| Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor; orders Luther to the Diet of Worms and wants him to abandon his position; tries to capture Luther |
| Pilgrimage of Grace | rebellions that broke out all over north England ; they were sparked off by popular discontent about Henry VIII's religious policies, especially the dissolution of the monasteries |
| Council of Trent | during the counter-reformation; affirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs |
| Mannerism | artistic response of the counter reformation; began in Italy; emphasis on emotion, asymmetrical composition, elongated bodies |
| Baroque | artistic response of the counter reformation; began in Italy; drama/power; lush, realistic bodies; Chiaroscuro; sold specially ordered art to emphasize power |
| Counter-Reformation | response by the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation; an effort to revitalize the Church and respond to some of the Protestant's criticisms |
| Witch Hunt | Catholics and Protestants had to compete with each other for followers, and they did so by using the attention-grabbing witch trials as perverse advertisements for their brand |
| Forbidden Books | list of books once forbidden by Roman Catholic Church authority as dangerous to the faith or morals of Roman Catholics |
| Mary Tudor | sought to return England to the Catholic Church and stirred rebellions by marrying a Spanish Habsburg prince.; but she is most remembered for burning nearly 300 English Protestants at the stake for heresy, which earned her the nickname “Bloody Mary" |
| Elizabeth I | she allowed her subjects to practice their 'favoured' religion as long as it did not disrupt the order of society |
| Henry IV | made the Edict of Nantes widely known (ending the Wars of Religion) |
| Peace of Westphalia | Ends the 30 Years' War - 1648 |
| RC - French Wars of Religion | Catholics vs Huguenots (calvinists) - Huguenots get persecuted by King Henry III (tortures/imprisons) - St. Bartholomew's Day |
| PC - French Wars of Religion | Catholics vs Huguenots (calvinists) - nobles embraced Calvinism (push back against monarchy) - War of the Three Henrys ( political control of France) -Henri III assassinated ( Henri of Navarre wins) |
| RC - 30 Years' War | in Northern Europe - Protestants vs Catholics -- Peace of Augsburg (leaders can choose Catholic/Lutheran but not Calvinism) |
| PC - 30 Years' War | in Northern Europe - Protestants vs Catholics - France threatened by expansion of HRE bc scared of their power more than Protestants |
Created by:
faith.gantan
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