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Plant Diversity2
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ancestors of brown algae etc, were predatory cells that became photosynthetic by | stealing chloroplasts from more ancient red and green algae (secondary endosymbiosis) |
| brown algae etc. began as | single celled protists |
| brown algae are mostly ______-cellular; ____-like seaweeds | multicellular; plant |
| odd coloration of brown algae due to | carotenoid pigment fucoxanthin which enhances absoption of green light(good for shallow depths) |
| kleptoplasty | leaves a tell-tale trail of extra membranes surrounding chloroplast; membrane from food vacuole in chloroplast or alga when ingested remains as a permanent envelope |
| how many membranes do euglenas dinoflagellates, diatoms and brown algae have around their chloroplasts? | 3 |
| diatoms have what colored chloroplasts | brown |
| diatoms build what around themselves | ornamented glass shells made up of silica |
| euglenoids acquired chloroplasts through | secondary endosymbiosis from green algae |
| euglena are | animal-like protists that lack a cell wall but have an interior pellicle made up of protein |
| dinoflagellates share cellular characteristics with what group of protists | ciliates |
| dinoflagellates have mostly ____ chloroplasts but some _____ chloroplasts which they acquired ____ by stealing them from other algae | brown; green; secondarily |
| dinoflagellates acquired chloroplasts through both | secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis involving mostly red and brown algae |
| reef building corals are ______ farmers | dinoflagellate |
| second most important group of producers in the ocean | dinoflagellates |
| red tide, one flagellum, cellulose plates of armor inside the cell membrane | dinoflagellates |
| embryophyte types | bryophytes or non vascular plants |
| bryophyte types | liverworts, hornworts, mosses |
| first true plants | embryophytes |
| egg and sperm in embryophytes are produced in | special chambers |
| embryophyte eggs remain within its chamber, the | archegonium |
| in embryophytes the embryo is | matromorphic |
| matromorphic | derives nutrients from parent plant |
| sperm producing chambers in embryophytes are called | artheridia |
| embryophytes retain young embryos in special | multicellular chambers |
| bryophytes includes | fundamentally glorifies green algae |
| bryophytes were at first dependent upon absorbing water through | their surfaces |
| bryophytes can also absorb water through | capillary action |
| capillary action | attraction of water molecules both to themselves and to physical surfaces such as the cellulose of plant cell walls |
| bryophytes lack internal plumbing or vascular tissues and are therefore referred to as | non-vascular plants |
| bryophyte growth type? | low mossy growth |
| liverworts sperm cells are similar to those of ___ and have a complex structure | mosses |
| liverworts growth type? | less conspicuous, lying prostrate on the ground, often in the understory below relatively larger mosses or forming thin films on leaves or bark |
| hornworts have a ____ and _____ (part of water regulation) | stomata; cuticle |
| how many chloroplasts in each cell for hornworts? | 1 |
| the elongate ____ of hornworts is embedded in the ______ tisssues and lengthens via _____ | basal intercalary meristem |
| mosses have miniature | stems and leaves |
| mosses can grow | upright |
| mosses make up dominant vegetation in certain parts of the world | mk |
| three theories why mosses never became trees? | diploidy theory, lignin failure theoryl stranded sperm theory |
| upright mosses move water due to | capillary action |
| in most mosses, water moves | externally |
| a few mosses have _____ for internal water movemenet | hydroids |
| some mosses have specialized water | storage cells |
| mosses live in (type of environment) | moist cool environments |
| most abundant plants on earth (type of moss) anti-fungal properties occurring in vast bogs in cool climates | sphagnum |
| dominant generation in moss life cycle | haploid (gametophyte generation) |
| in mosses, the permanent or adult phase during which photosynthesis growth and vegetative propagation takes place in (phase of life cycle) | haploid |
| how many flagella in moss sperm cells? | 2 apical flagella |
| moss capsules may have intricate _____ teeth for | peristome; spore dispersal |
| vascular plants are | independent; dominant; long lived sporophytes |
| can vascular plants maintain internal moisture? | yes |
| vascular plants have vascular tissues such as | xylem and phloem |
| adaptations for conserving and circulating water include | stomata, tracheids, cuticle |
| earliest type of vascular plants | rhyniophytes |
| characteristics of rhyniophytes | dichotomous branching, sporophytes, apical growth, rhizomes, and upright stems |
| primitive vascular plants had a simple plan based on horizontal rhizomes and upright stems that branched ______ with ____ at the tips | dichotomously (equal branching); sporangia |
| heterosporous club moss that has a rosette growth form and is generally found in bogs or underwater | isoetes |
| where are the sproangia locate in isoetes | base of the vegetative leaves |
| does isoetes have secondary growth? if so, where? | yes, corm-like stem |
| modern seedless vascular plants produce ____ spores for dispersal and reproduction just like non-vascular plants | haploid spores |
| types of modern seedless vascular plants | ferns, horsetails, club mosses, whisk ferns |
| upright shoots of horsetails (sphenophyta) consist of | a whorl of green branches, which separate during growth |
| shoots of horsetails separate during growth by means of | |
| ancient vs. modern horstails | ancient had whorled megaphylls, these have been reduced to bracts in modern species and replaced with whorled photosynthetic branches |
| where did the strobili in early horsetails evolve from ? | short, branched, lateral shoots |
| strobili contain | sporangia |
| sporangia contain | spores |
| each shield shaped unit of the strobilus bears several backward facing | sporangia |
| club mosses are | lycophytes |
| club mosses have strobili? | yes |
| first true seed plants | ferns |
| fronds | modified upright stems, leaf-like structures |
| spores are produced in ____ in ferns | sporangia |
| where are sporangia located in ferns? | underside of leaves |
| wehre does meiosis take place in ferns? | sporangia |
| in ferns, meiosis results in | haploid spores |
| clusters of sporangia | sori |
| indusium | flap of tissue covering sori |
| ferns have a wide habitat | aquatic, capable of complete dessication |
| iron sulfide world hypothesis states that at first, life was _____ and formed in tiny cavities in ____ around ______ vents | chemoautotropic; volcanic rock; underwater |
| energy was supplied by reduced ___ and ____ ______ as well as by heat | |
| catalysis was provided by | iron compounds in the rocks |
| self-replicating metabolic systems evolved first within | rock cavities |
| what formed within the chambes and broke free with the metabolic machinery? | phospholipid membranes |
| primordial soup theory (reducing atmosphere hypothesis) states that | protobionts formed in the open seas and were essentially heterotrophs |
| simplest protobionts my have been phospholipid bubbles that gathered more ____ and incorporated them into their growing surface | phospholipds; |
| what happened when the bubbles got too big? | broke apart and formed smaller ones |
| what happened when they reformed? | accidentally enclosed other molecules; some of which had catalytic properties which enabled the synthesis of phospholipids from inorganic phosphate and other simple lipids |
| what would further accelerate metabolic reactions? | harnessing external energy sources |
| chemoheterotrophy | cannot fix carbon, must import organci compounds for metabolic needs (chemo refers to energy source) |
| need organic molecules for | glycolysis |
| chemoautotrophy | feed on inorganic molecules, can fix carbon dioxide so can manufacture organic compounds |
| photoheterotrophy | cannot fix carbon; light-gatherers |
| what does photosynthesis make? | sugar and oxygen |
| modern photosynthesis is the most successful form of | photoautotrophism |
| calvin cycle performs | carbon fixation |
| what powers carbon fixation | ATP and NADPH |
| calvin cycle consists of enzyme-mediated reactions in the | cytoplasm or stroma of chloroplasts |
| light reactions | drive proton pumps |
| pigment-like molecule embedded in a cell membrane can facilitate | |
| electron flow can create a proton pump which | brings protons (H+) into subcellular chambers |
| what can drive the synthesis of ATP | accumulated protons |
| light activated pigments may hae aided in | light gathering in early cells |
| flagella are used for | zoospores/locomotion in gametes |
| syngamy | fusion of gametes |
| intercalary growth is present in (types of plants) | horsetails, bamboo |
| inercalary growth is | |
| apical growth | growth promoted at the root and shoot tips (apical meristems) |
| antithetic model states that the first sporophytes evolved as a | |
| stromatolitess are made by | assemblages of cyanobacteria and other bacteria; resemble some of the earliest fossil evidence of life on earth |
| thallus | undifferentiated vegetative tissue of some non-mobile organisms (thallophytes) |
| vascular tissues developed due to pressures for | increased height |
| cuticle, stomata, used for | conserving, circulating water |
| rhizoids functions like a ___ for ____ or ____ | root; support or absorption |
| rhizoids are trichomes that do what? | anchor the plant |
| absent in _____ multicellular in | liverworts; mosses |
| where did roots evolve from | downward growing rhizomes |
| leaves emerged from | apical meristem |
| node | place of attachment for leaves |
| internode | plant elongation takes place |
| microphylls | one vein leaf |
| megaphylls | many veined leaf |
| strobilius | sporophylls which form an elongate cone-like structure |
| strobilus in ginkgo | microsporangia are borne on strobili without protective sporophylls |
| strobilus in cycads | large compound megaphylls remniscent of the ferns, their ancestral seed ferns, and later palms. seeds and pollen are borne in large strobili |
| strobilus in bennetitales | large bisexual strobili |
| strobilus in pine | represents a reduction from a more complex ancestral structure |
| secondary growth in seed plants | prodigious secondary growth with secondary xylem and secondary phloem |
Created by:
maxij