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quiz 2

QuestionAnswer
coevolution the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution
evolution the process by which all of the living organisms on earth changes over time from their early ancestor species
ecology the study of the relationship between organisms and the living and nonliving parts of the environment
organism an individual life form
species group of organisms
population includes all members of a species that live in the same area at the same time evolution occurs within the population
biological community made of all the populations living and interacting in one area
ecosystem includes the biological community and surrounding physical environment
biosphere includes all parts of the earth- surface, atmosphere, and oceans, occupied by life
habitat describes the physical space and environment that an organism can survive in
abiotic factors non-living factors such as soil composition, climate, surrounding landforms
biotic factors other species, including predators and competitors
tolerance range graphs define the specific abiotic factors that are survivable for a species
optimal range the idea amount of that factor for the population to survive
zones of physiological stress are found when the factor is too high or low, killing off the weaker members of the population
zones of intolerance are not survivable in the long-term, causing the population to eventually die out
adaptations characteristics that make an organism better suited to its habitat
structural physical differences in coloration, body covering, shape, musculature, act
behavioral actions taken, such as migration or marking a territory
physiologic internal body process, such are tanning, or the products of poison
genes small segments of DNA within cells
generic diversity primarily the result of random mutation in DNA
evolution change in the frequency of genes of a population over time
genetic drift change in a gene's frequency over time due to random chance
bottleneck effect result of sudden decrease in population size, which reduces the gene pool and encourages inbreeding
founder effect occurs when a few individuals from a large population migrate to an isolated area
natural selection occurs when a gene becomes more frequent because it increases survivability and/ or reproductive rates
*physiological stress too much or too little of environmental factor
*predation organisms hunting and killing other species for food
*competition organisms attempting to access the same resources or mates
*sexual selection females choose mates based on structural or behavioral differences
artificial selection the evolution of species due to traits favored by humans
divergent evolution groups of single species become, separated, evolve, and become new species (example humans)
convergent evolution unrelated organisms evolve similar adaptations because they occupy similar niches
coevolution evolution two species evolve together due to a close relationship
homologous structures evolved from a common ancestor and are very similar
analogous structures reciprocal structures t=perform a shared task but are structurally different that enable more interaction
niche the role of an organism within its ecosystem - relationship with other species
predator-prey relationship where one organism consumes another whole
*competitive exclusion principle two species cannot occupy the same niche
*interspecific competition between different species
*intraspecific competition between members of the same species
resource partitioning assist niche overlap by dividing up a resource, reducing competition
symbiosis relationship that involve a lot of close contact between species
mutualism symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit
commensalism symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected
parasitism symbiotic relationship where one organism benefit while the other is harmed
survivorship curves prediction how likely individual within a population will survive to a certain age
Type I survivorship curves morality is initially low due to high parental care > morality rapidly increases in old age
Type II survivorship curves morality is constant due to predation or other factors
Type III survivorship curves morality is initially high due to predation exposure > mortality rapidly decreases for individuals that survive to adulthood
population growth patterns how populations grow, decline, or stabilize in response to their environment
logistic growth begins with a rapid growth rate over time, the rate slows down due to various environmental resistance factors
environmental resistance factors things that limit the growth of a population
density dependent increase as population size grows tend to be biotic competition for food, spread of disease, waste accumulation
density independent impact all population sizes equally tend to be abiotic climate, availability of space, catastrophic events
carrying capacity the maximum population size that can be supported by an ecosystem logistic growth stops at this point
exponential growth has no growth limiting factors
overshoot occurs when the carrying capacity is exceeded
dieback dieback is a sudden population crash due to a lack of resources
reproductive strategies frequency of mating, number of offspring, degree of parental care, time to reach maturity
R-selected many offspring little parental care rapid maturity type III survivorship
K-selected few offspring high parental care slow maturity type I survivorship
Created by: quinnbrown
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