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POL 101 Midterm
Midterm Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Coordination dilemma | a type of collective action problem that says even when parties prefer the same outcomes, it is often difficult to coordinate choice. |
| Free rider problem | a type of collective action problem that deals with a group of self-interested individuals; people want to maximize benefits from collective action while minimizing costs to themselves. |
| Common pool resource dilemmas | emerge from a conflict over finite resources between individual interests and the common good |
| Tragedy of the commons | when short term self-interest leads to tragedy for all |
| Transaction costs | time and effort invested to understand alternatives, compare preferences, make join decisions |
| Conformity costs | the cost of compromise when agreeing to less than ideal policy |
| Articles of Confederation | the first constitution of the United States; creating an association of states with weak central government "firm league of friendship" among the 13 American States |
| Three-fifths compromise | the formula for counting five enslaved people as three people for purposes of representation, which reconciled northern and southern factions at the constitutional convention |
| Anti-Federalists | people who did not support the ratification of the constitution; state's rights, fear tyranny of the minority, wanted the bill of rights |
| Federalists | people who supported the ratification of the constitution; nationalists, fear tyranny of the majority, separation of powers |
| Bill of Rights | a summary of citizen rights guaranteed and protected by a government; added to the Constitution as its first 10 Amendments in order to achieve ratification; linked to the Anti-Federalists |
| Tyranny of the majority | is an inherent weakness to majority rule in which the majority of an electorate pursues exclusively its own objectives at the expense of those of the minority factions |
| Checks and balances | a system that allows each branch of a government to amend or veto acts of another branch so as to prevent any one branch from exerting too much power |
| Necessary and proper clause | enables Congress to pass special laws to require other departments of the government to prosecute or judge particular claims, whether asserted by the government itself or by private persons; provides Congress the power to fulfill its legal powers |
| Commerce clause | the US Congress should have the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations |
| Expressed powers | powers specifically granted to the federal government |
| Reserved powers | laws not specifically given to the national government and are reserved to the states |
| Supremacy clause | establishes that the federal law takes precedence over state laws and constitutions |
| Block grants | money that the fed gov gives to states for broad purposes |
| Categorical grants | federal money given to states with strict limitations on how it's spent |
| Unfunded mandates | a statute of regulation that requires a state or local government to perform certain actions, with no money provided for fulfilling the requirements |
| Dual federalism | programs and authority are clearly divided among the national, state, and local governments (layered cake) |
| Cooperative federalism | programs and authority are mixed among national, state, and local governments (marble cake) |
| Laboratories of democracy | States engineer creative policy ideas that are tested within the state and sometimes adopted at the federal level |
| McCulloch V. Maryland | The political battle over the creation of a national bank |
| Gibbons V Ogden | case in which the court decided that the federal government has exclusive power over interstate commerce |
| Jim Crow laws | southern laws designed to circumvent the 13th, 14th, and 15th, Amendments to deny Black people rights on bases other than race |
| Civil liberties | are freedoms from government interference E.g., the 1st Amendment - free speech |
| Civil rights | are legitimate claims for government protection - E.g., the right to vote |
| De facto segregation/discrimination | discriminatory practices like segregation are occurring in a manner that is not subject to the law (happens without the force of law) |
| De-jure segregation/discrimination | purposeful discrimination by the government ~ Jim crow was built on De jure segregation |
| 14th amendment | gave citizenship to everyone born in the US |
| Equal protection clause | "no State shall make or enforce any law which shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws |
| Plessy v Fergusson | A case in which the Court held that state-mandated segregation laws did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment |
| The separate but equal rule | laws designed to achieve racial segregation by means of separate and equal public facilities and services for African Americans and whites. |
| Brown v Board of Education | Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional |
| Literacy Tests | a test that assesses a person's literacy skills administered by the government |
| Poll Taxes | a tax often linked to the right to vote |
| The Voting Rights Act | removed barriers to black enfranchisement in the South, banning poll taxes, literacy tests, and other measures that prevented African Americans from voting; banned the Jim Crows Laws |
| Shelby County v. Holder | a case in which the court found that section 4 of the voting rights act was unconstitutional (states don't need to have their laws approved anymore even if they've had a background of racial discrimination) |
| Busing | achieving racial balance by transporting students to schools across neighborhood boundaries; the moving of students from outside of their normal school district to create more racial and economic equity across classrooms |
| Affirmative action | a policy of creating opportunities for members of certain groups as a substantive remedy for past discrimination |
| Decision rules • Plurality • Majority • Supermajority • Uniformity/Unanimity | Decision rules - political rules needed for decision making • Plurality - single opinion that is supported by a majority • Majority - 50% +1 • Supermajority - 80% must agree • Uniformity/Unanimity - 100% must agree |
| The Great Compromise • The Virginia Plan • The New Jersey Plan | the constitutional solution to congressional representation: equal votes in the senate, votes by population in the House; called for a single executive and a national judicial system |
| The Virginia Plan | proposal at the constitutional convention that congressional representation be based on population, thus favoring the larger states |
| The New Jersey Plan | proposal at the constitutional convention that congressional representation be equal, thus favoring the small states |
| Separation of powers | the fundamental way our government balances power so that one part of the government doesn't overpower another (executive, legislative, and judicial - are kept separate) |
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