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a&p unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how dehydrated is this patient? -depressed & recumbent, but conscious -rapid, weak pulses -eyes slightly shrunken & recessed in orbits -MM dry, tongue dry -CRT 4-5 sec. -skin turgor severely delayed 5-8 sec | 8-9% dehydrated |
| what is glycocalyx? | proteins and lipids with sugar groups on the surface of a cell. site of binding sites and signaling in immune responses. |
| what are rafts? | plaque-like structures within cell membrane organizing functional areas on the cell surface. |
| what is a caveolae? | hollow spaces in the plasma membrane that help with endocytosis, shuttling substances like LDL, and signaling. |
| what are peripheral proteins? | proteins on the outer surface, and act as enzymes. |
| what are integral proteins? | proteins that create channel fort molecules to pass through. |
| what is cilia? | extensions of microtubules and plasma membrane that create a wave motion to facilitate movement of luminal items |
| what is anaphase? | spindle fibers pull genetic material into half, one for each new daughter cell |
| what is prophase? | chromatin condense and link with centromere, nuclear envelope disintegrates |
| what is telophase? | nuclear envelope redevelops around unraveling genetic material |
| what is metaphase? | chromosomes line up in center of cell. |
| what is cytokinesis? | not really a phase, but division of the cytoplasm. |
| when do you use colloids? | emergency situation where patient has blood loss and low blood pressure |
| when do you use crystalloids? | dehydration and maintenance |
| an epithelial cell with numerous microvilli on the surface is known as having ___. | a brush border |
| what is an example of insensible water loss? | respiration |
| hypotonic fluids have ___ osmolality than that of blood. | less |
| DNA replication occurs in which phase? | interphase |
| what is the method by which normal cells stop dividing when they come to touch surrounding cells? | contact inhibition |
| division of the cytoplasm at the end of mitosis is called... | cytokinesis |
| which 2 ions are primarily involved in maintaining a cell membrane's membrane potential? | potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) |
| what is the strongest type of fiber found in the cytoskeleton? | intermediate filaments |
| when a glucose molecule crosses the cell membrane from a high concentration to a lower one with the help of a carrier protein and no energy is used, this is known as ___. | facilitated diffusion |
| movement of water across a membrane to achieve a balanced concentration is called: | osmosis |
| when molecules move from a high concentration to a lower on "down the concentration gradient" this is called ___. | diffusion |
| the sodium-potassium pump is an example of ___. | active transport |
| if an animal is dehydrated, will its blood have high osmolality or low osmolality? | high osmolality |
| the normal ph of blood is ___. | 7.4 |
| what is the symport transport system? | molecules moving across the cell membrane in the same direction |
| what is the antiport transport system? | molecules moving in different directions across the cell membrane |
| what is the centrosome? | region of cytoplasm near the nucleus that builds and breaks down microtubules. |
| what are the ribosomes? | site of protein synthesis |
| what is cytosol? | the viscous fluid that the cytoplasm is made up of. |
| what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? | site of synthesis and storage of lipids |
| what is the cytoskeleton? | 3-D framework of the cell giving it support and shape |
| what is the mitochondria? | produces most of the atp/energy for the cell |
| what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum? | has ribosomes on the surface, stores protein |
| what is the golgi apparatus? | modifies, packages, and distributes molecules out of the cell |
| what is the vault? | transport molecules to and from the nuclear pore |
| what are proteasomes? | barrel shaped organelle that breaks down unwanted proteins in the cell |
| what are the vesicles from the golgi apparatus that digest cellular debris? | lysosomes |
| when a cell engulfs solid debris like another cell, this is known as ___. | phagocytosis |
| what happens in transcription and where specifically does it take place? | mrna makes proteins, cytoplasm |
| which type of cell doesnt have a nucleus? | prokaryotic |
| edema occurs when fluid goes from the ___ space to the ___ space. | intravascular, interstitial |
| if intravenous (IV) hypertonic fluid is given to a patient, the blood cells will... | shrink in size |
| when a nucleus wants to make a protein it replicates a chunk of dna through the process of ___ and makes a piece of ___. | transcription, mrna |
| at the ribosome, this _rna template from the nucleus is made into proteins by the process called ___. amino acids attached to ___ floating around in cytoplasm are connected to this _rna strip one at a time to form the final polypeptide. | translation, trna |
| most animals are made up of about ___% water. | 60 |
| what is adipose? | fat |
| what is areolar? | subcutaneous |
| what is elastic? | bronchi, arteries |
| what is dense regular? | tendons, ligaments |
| what is dense irregular? | skin dermis |
| what is reticular? | spleen, lymph nodes |
| ___ are globular proteins that expose small sections of dna to the nucleoplasm. dna winds around these molecules to form nucleosomes. | histones |
| which muscle cell has multiple nuclei? | skeletal muscle |
| epithelial tissues that manufacture and release secretions are called what? | glandular epithelium |
| long, stringy proteins that make up our hair and nails are known as ___. | structural proteins |
| what membrane type is the mouth and uterus? | mucous membrane |
| what membrane type is the parietal pleura? | serous membrane |
| what membrane type is skin? | cutaneous membrane |
| what membrane type are joints? | synovial membrane |
| what is not a type of loose connective tissue? | elastic |
| which nucleotide is not included in rna? | thymine |
| which nucleotide does not belong in dna? | uracil |
| what is merocrine? | cell exocytosis its granules |
| what is apocrine? | top portion of cell pinches off to release its granules |
| what is holocrine? | entire cell is destroyed to release its granules |
| the enzyme that starts to break apart dna during replication is: | helicase |
| each group of 3 nucleotides represents a specific amino acid. this grouping is called a ___. | codon |
| what are tight junctions? | proteins that prevent leaking and substances from passing between cells |
| what are gap junctions? | tubular channels that allow exchange of ions between cells |
| what are desmosomes? | tonofilaments that provide a strong coupling between cells |
| what is the basement membrane? | fibrous matrix secreted from cells to attach themselves to underlying tissue |
| what is the main component of cell membranes? | phospholipids |
| what are the 4 types of tissue? | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| ___ cells undergo mitosis and ___ cells undergo meiosis | somatic, reproductive |
| if the animal is in shock, you first consider the ___ of fluids. | resuscitation |
| when stable, yet the patient is lacking fluids (decreased capillary, CRT and some turgor), the next phase of fluids is called the ___ phase. | replacement |
| to cover the lack of fluids to catch up to normal hydration, we the ___ rate calculated. | dehydration |
| to cover the excessive sensible losses (diarrhea, vomit), we need the ___ rate calculated. | ongoing loss |
| to cover the normal metabolic needs, we need the ___ rate calculated. | maintenance |
| inclusions are packaged substances the cell has engulfed, the other 3 things that make up the cytoplasm are: | organelles, cytosol, cytoskeleton |
| unwound strings of dna that function during interphase and are single-unpaired are called: | chromatin |
| wound dna strings coiled tightly during metaphase and are paired before division are called: | chromosome |
| each half of the pair is called a: | chromatid |
| name 4 things that can cause a mutation | spontaneous, virus, radiation, chemicals |
| fluid pushed through a membrane because of a pressure gradient (like in the kidney) is called: | filtration |
| what are the 3 main components of connective tissue: | ground substance, extracellular fibers, fibers |
| what are the functions of connective tissue? | metabolic and structural connections between tissues, protective sheath around orangs, insulation for body, reserve energy, framework for body support, medium for transporting substances throughout body, healing and control of outside microorganisms |
| there are 2 types of cells in connective tissue, fibroblast is an example of a ___ cell, and macrophage is an example of a ___ cell. | fixed, transient |
| connective tissue is divided into 2 major areas: 1. connective tissue ___ and 2. ____ tissue. this 2nd type has 3 unique areas include: ___ ___ ___ | proper, specialized, cartilage, bone, blood |
| what are the 4 phases of tissue repair? | 1. hemostasis 2. inflammation 3. proliferation 4. maturation/remodeling |
Created by:
smakl
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