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MIP-300 exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Symbiosis | Any type of relationship between organism |
| Commensal relationship | Relationship between organisms where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited, arguably does not exist any more |
| Mutualistic relationship | Relationship between organisms where both benefit, most common type |
| Parasitic relationship | Relationship between organisms where one benefits off of the other's expense, least common type |
| Parisitism on a relationship level should not be confused with... | Macroscopic parasites such as hookworms |
| Normal flora | Organisms residing on body surfaces |
| Colonization | Normal flora proliferating within host |
| Infection | Disease causing bacteria proliferating in host |
| List of locations where flora should be found | -Any part of GI tract -Upper respiratory tract -Little bit in deep respiratory tract -Skin -Eyes -Urogenital tract (not typically bladder) |
| List of locations where flora should not be found | -Any organs such as heart, liver, kidneys, spleen |
| Protective functions of normal flora | 1) Compete for attachment within host with pathogenic genera 2) Produce antimicrobial substances, vitamins, and neurotransmitters 3) Stimulate the immune system |
| Normal flora functionally... | -Impact digestion -Are in constant flux depending on diet -Most closely resemble housemates |
| Infectious disease | Host cannot function normally due to presence of parasite or its products |
| Pathogen | Disease causing microbe |
| Pathogenicity | An organism's capacity to cause disease |
| Virulence | Degree of intensity of pathogenicity, indicated by morbidity and mortality rates |
| 4 factors affecting outcome of host/parasite relationships | 1) Virulence of parasite 2) Host nutrition 3) Host life style 4) Host living conditions |
| Even just _________ levels of a highly virulent microbe can make an individual sick, while ________ levels of a low virulence microbe are needed to make an individual sick | Low, high |
| Disease syndrome | Collection of signs and symptoms of a disease |
| Intensity of symptoms and time of infection is largely dependent on... | The virulence and type of microbe |
| 4 phases of infectious disease process | 1) Incubation period:plantation & division, not showing symptoms yet 2) Prodromal stage: Some signs & symptoms, not intense 3) Illness period - Full blown sick, aware of symptoms 4)Convalescence - Immune system/medication, signs &symptoms end gradually |
| Stages disease can be spread | Varies on disease, can range from prodromal stage to illness period to convalescence |
| Iceberg theory of infection | Most infections are asymptomatic and can only be detected with serologic assays, very few of numerous infections even show symptoms sever enough to consciously notice |
| Infectivity | 1 of 3 factors affecting virulence, how well an organism can transmit and implant, survive and reproduce in a host |
| 2 modes of infectivity | Direct - through touch, airborne droplets, vertical contact, or vector Indirect - contact fomites (objects carrying infection), food, water, biological products, airborne (dust) |
| Ability to adhere affecting infectivity | Adhesins such as pilli/fimbriae, caapsule/glycocalyx/slime layer, s layer, teichnoic acid, viral capsids and envelopes |
| Ability to grow in host affecting infectivity | Host must have correct pH, O2 content, temp, |
| Methods to avoid immune system affecting infectivity | -IgA protease cleaving IgA antibody -Leukocidins destroying lysosomes in WBC -Capsule inhibiting phagocytosis -Protein A on surface of cell causing IgA to bind upside down and become inhibited -Hide within host cells, escape phagocytosis |
| Invasiveness | Ability of organism to spread to other parts of host body, microbial products contribute |
| Microbial enzymes affecting invasiveness | -H2O2 and NH3 production to damage tissues allowing microbes to move deeper into tissue -Collagenerase breaks collagen -Elastase breaks basement membrane of cells -Hyalauronidase breaking down cell connections -Lecithinase breaking down cell membranes |
| Pathogenic potential | Ability of organism to cause symptoms/signs, depends on virulence factors |
| Difference between infection and intoxication | Infection is tissue damage from invasion or toxins by microbe within body, intoxication is damage due to toxins produced by microbe outside body before entering host |
| Difference between exotoxin and endotoxin | Exotoxin are proteins secreted by microbes, endotoxin is the lipid component of the LPS outer membrane of gram negative bacteria |
| 4 types of exotoxins (proteins) | 1) Neurotoxin: affect nervous system 2)Enterotoxin: Affect GI tract 3) Cytotoxin:Degrades protein synthesis/damages plasma membrane 4) Superantigen - Overstimulate immune system similar response to endotoxin, turns on T-cells to divert immune response |
| Many important neuro/entero/cytotoxins are... | AB antigens - dimeric structures that have one portion bind to an integral membrane protein causing it to open and let the other portion to travel into cell |
| Type 3 secretion system | Method of exotoxin delivery typically seen in gram neg(-), has needle apparatus projecting from the inside of the cell membrane out thru to the outer membrane and projecting a fair distance to insert into a host cell's cytoplasm and deliver the exotoxin |
| Exotoxin genes can be of ______,__________, or ________ origin | Chromosomal, plasmid, or phage |
| Antiserum | Portion of blood containing antitoxin antibodies specific for an exotoxin, often harvested from a different species than our own, however lacks specificity in some cases due to presence of other antibodies |
| Immunoglobin | Isolated antibody for specific exotoxin being made, can be harvested from different species than our own, has high specificity as lacks any other antibodies present |
| Toxoids | Slightly chemically or treated (inactivated with heat) exotoxin that removes its capacity to function but retains a similar enough identity to be used in a vaccine to develop an immunity to the real toxin |
| Endotoxin's differences from exotoxins | -Not protein -Gram negative -Weak immune response -Not as potent, can still lead to symptoms and even shock -No vaccine |
| Septic shock cascade | Process that lipid A in endotoxin when sloughed from outer membrane binds enzyme factor 12 initiating 4 different cascades that overstimulates systems causing unregulated blood clotting in capillaries leading to multi organ failure |
| DIC | Disseminated Intravascular coagulation, occurs due to septic shock cascade |
| 2 mechanisms through which damage is caused by the immune system to the body in response to the presence of microbes | 1) Inflammation - macrophages and neutrophils release toxins that can damage tissue 2) Antigen/antibody complex - Settle in tissue and result in tissue damage |
| Viral pathogenesis | The mechanism through which viruses cause damage to cells is through destruction of cells during replication, causing symptoms to develop, do not typically release toxins |
| 4 Common responses by microbes to combat immunity | -Cause non-specific overproduction of B and T viruses -Cleave IgA antibody -Hide antigen -Mutate/change antigen |
| HIV | Virus that kills T-helper cells & prevent activation of B-cells, no antibody released to neutralize toxins, decrease opsonization, & prevent complement fixation. Prevents activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, so tumor & infected cells aren't attacked |
| 3 stages of AIDS development | 1) Acute phase: flu like symptoms, most contagious 2) Asymptomatic phase: Not aware of infection, not exceptionally vulnerable 3) Symptomatic phase: Will end in death due to something w/o treatment, opportunistic infections/cancers diagnose active AIDS |
| Retroviral therapies | Implemented to extend the life of AIDS patient to near normal life span |
| Natural active acquired immunity | Gained through undergoing infection and immune system developing resistance |
| Natural passive acquired immunity | Gained through maternal influence, IgA's given through breast milk and IgG's given across placenta, essential reason for baby's needing booster shots (mom's antibodies clear infections before baby can develop own cure) |
| Artificial active acquired immunity | Gained through injection of agent into individual for their immune system to develop its own resistance to the pathogen |
| Artificial passive acquired immunity | Gained through supplementation of antibodies that are donated from an extraneous source to treat individual |
| Attenuated vaccination | Alive whole organism but no longer pathogenic, highly immunogenic, occasionally reverts and becomes virulent again, arguably the best type |
| Inactivated or killed vaccination | Whole organism killed with heat or chemicals, can still be immunogenic, can cause immune response but cannot make physically ill |
| Toxoid vaccination | Subunit inactivated exotoxin injection |
| Polysaccharide capsule vaccination | Subunit outer shell of organism injected, arguably weakest resistance |
| Viral glycoprotein vaccination | Subunit injection of glycoproteins located on virus, new but showing extensive promise |
| Recombinant/native protein vaccination | Subunit injection of microbial protein either made in an E. Coli culture through plasmid insertion or taken from the source, new but showing extensive promise |
| DNA vaccination | Subunit inject with plasmids that express antigens within host tissue, new but showing extensive promise |
| Recombinant vector vaccine | Subunit injection similar to DNA, use viruses or bacteria to deliver genes of interest |
| Conjugate vaccine | Linking toxoid to polysaccharide compound to help target T cells even more specifically |
| Epidemiology | Study of distribution and determinants of disease frequency in populations |
| Outbreak | Occurrence higher than expected in small group |
| Endemic | Steady, low constant frequency within a population |
| Epidemic | Occurrence higher than expected in large group |
| Pandemic | Worldwide spread of disease |
| Nosocomial infection | Illness associated with hospitalization, 10% of patients develop, includes MRSA and C diff |
| Zoonoses | Diseases transmitted to humans including giardia, rabies, plague, and salmonella , over 80% of 1300 diseases of origin |
| Morbidity | % of individuals that fall ill |
| Mortality | % of individuals that die |
| 6 factors affecting epidemics | 1) Source of infection 2) Route of transmission 3) Susceptibility of population 4) Microbes ability to hide antigen 5) Size and mobility of population 6) Virulence and pathogenicity |
| Reservoir | Animate or inanimate source of infection, such as mice and deer |
| Vector | Source of infection by insect and animal bite, such as ticks |
| The rabies fox is an example of both ____ and _____ | a reservoir and a vector |
| Carrier | Human definition of vector, can be active, convalescent, healthy, incubatory, acute, or chronic |
| Passive mechanical vector | Vector carries microbe to host outside of body |
| Passive biological vector | Contact with contaminated fluids of vector |
| Active biological vector | Getting bitten, regurgitated or defecated on |
| Herd immunity | Resistance of a population to infection due to immunity either natural or from vaccination |
| R0 | # of people an individual could infect |
| Threshold % | % of people needed to have immunity to protect against infection |
| Antigenic drift | Small changes in antigens such as 1 to 2 amino acids, decrease herd immunity |
| Antigenic shift | Large change in antigens such as whole antigens, decrease herd immunity |
| As the world becomes more globalized... | ...The likelihood of spreading of infection increases |
| Organic defintion | 2 or more carbons |
| Macroelements | Required by organisms in large amounts, CHONPS and ions |
| Heterotrophs | Use reduced, pre-formed organic molecules as carbon source and oxidize it |
| Autotrophs | Get carbon from CO2, oxidized state and convert to a reduced state |
| Trace elements | Zinc, cobalt, nickel, etc. for specific metabolic functions |
| 3 methods of energy gaining | 1) Phototrophs - trap light energy 2) Chemoorganotrophs - Oxidize organic molecules 3) Chemolithotrophs - Oxidize inorganic molecules |
| Electron source and resulting term associated with it | Organic - organotroph Inorganic - lithotroph |
| Photolithoautotroph energy source, electron source, carbon source, and example | -Light -Inorganic (H2O) -CO2 -Purple and green sulfer bacteria, algae, plants, cyanobacteria |
| Chemolithoautotroph energy source, electron source, carbon source, and example | -Inorganic chemicals -Inorganic chemicals -CO2 -Bacteria, hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, methanogens |
| Chemoorganohetertrophs energy source, electron source, carbon source, and example | -Organic chemicals -Organic chemicals -Organic chemicals -Humans, protozoa, fungi, some bacteria, pathogens |
| Functions of microbes in the environment | Decompose organic matter, produce food for heterotrophs, modify substances for use by other organisms |
| Oxidized | Loss of electrons, loses H, gains O, increases + charge on molecule |
| Reduction | Gaining of electrons, gains H, loses O, decreases + charge on molecule |
| E0 | Standard reduction potential |
| IgM | 1st antibody secreted during 1st infection |
| IgD | stays membrane-bound to B-cell (function: unknown) |
| IgG | most abundant in blood; crosses the placenta |
| IgA | located at mucosal tissue (mostly in the gut) |
| IgE | fights parasites (causes allergies) |
| Neutrophils | 1st phaogcytes |
Created by:
sdturner
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