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MGIS 130 (MIDTERM)
MIDTERM REVIEW
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is it important to evaluate information in a systematic, purposeful, and effective manner? | |
| What is the meaning of “critical” in the context of critical thinking? | exercising or involving careful judgment or judicious evaluation...” |
| Why is the critical evaluation of claims relevant in the area of information systems? | |
| What are the characteristics of a critical thinking attitude? | Open-mindedness Healthy skepticism Intellectual Humility Free thinking High motivation |
| Critical Thinking v. Negative Thinking | |
| Psychological Hinderances | Basic human limitations Use of language Faulty logic or perception Psychological and sociological pitfalls |
| What is the nature of an argument and how do we analyze its validity? | Argument = Evidence + Indicator + Claim + [Sometimes] Qualifications Evidence: Reason Claim: Opinion, Conclusion Warrant: bridges Liam and evidence Qualifications: contextual modifiers (i.e, when, if, in the case where…) |
| Evaluating information sources. | Does the source have the necessary qualifications to make the claim? Does it have a reputation for accuracy? Does it have a motive for being inaccurate or overly biased? Are there any reasons for questioning the honesty or integrity of the source? |
| What is a system? | Something that maintains its existence and functions through the interaction of its parts. |
| What is systems thinking? | |
| Circular v. Linear causality | |
| What is the difference between upward and downward causation and why are they relevant? | |
| What are Emergent properties? | |
| What are the roles of feedback and feed forwardloops? | |
| What are the principles for applying systems thinking? | |
| *A way to see patterns that connect parts and determine the rules that govern these connections. *A Practical tool for making predictions in many different domains.++- *A way of seeing the world. | |
| Linear focuses on casual relationships where circular focuses on complex relationships. (systems are circular) (Examples) Linear- Thermostat—> Furnace—> Air temp Circular- Thermostat—> Furnace—> Air temp—> Thermostat—> Furnace—>… | |
| Upward- The whole is determined by thee behavior of its parts.(analysis/reductionism) Downward- The behavior of the part is to some degree determined by the behavior of the whole.(synthesis/system thinking) | |
| Characteristics of the whole system that are not present in the parts in isolation | |
| Feedback: measures of system output that are applied back into the system as inputs to control the system. Feedforward:The result from people acting on predictions about the future.(self-fulfilling prophecy) | |
| *Begin by defining output *? the boundary *Look up and down *Expect and look for loops, delays, lagged impacts, and side-effects. *Identify feedback and feedforward controls. How does the system learn? *Worry about using just one view of a system. | |
| Balancing Feedback | *Drives the system towards its goal *Creates stability |
| Reinforcing Feedback | *Pushes a system away from equilibrium *Creates growth or decay |
| What are the concepts of design and design thinking? | A process and perspective that applies a designer’s sensibilities and methods to business or societal challenges and opportunities. |
| What are the design thinking approach’s to problems? Collaboration, Multiple types of expertise (multi-disciplinarity), prototyping & iteration, Human-centered news, wicked problems, and systems orientation. | *Collaboration *Multiple types of expertise (multi-disciplinarity) *prototyping & iteration *Human-centered news *wicked problems *systems orientation |
| What are the steps in a design thinking process? | *Understand *Observe *Point of View *Ideate *Prototype *Test |
| The relationship between design thinking and innovation? | Design thinking is an engine of innovation, and modern business demands innovation |
| What are the challenges to adopting design thinking strategies? | Design thinking requires different skills Most managers are not trained in -Integrated v. Analytical Perspectives -Collaboration v. Control May imply a more expensive process -Need for moving from vision to implementation -Exploration v. Exploitation |
| Common characteristics of Collaboration. | Design is generally done in teams, with individuals building on one another’s ideas and insights. |
| Common characteristics of Multiple types of expertise (multi-disciplinary) | Design touches upon large classes of human and technical phenomena and capabilities: anthropology, aesthetics, cognitive science, psychology, engineering… |
| Common characteristics of Prototyping and Frequent Iteration. | *Prototyping serves as a tool for learning more about the needs of prospective users. *The focus of iteration implies a certain comfort with “incompleteness” |
| Common characteristics of Human Centeredness. | *Designers focus on the real needs and experience of individuals and groups (empathy). *Direct observation is a central facet of design approaches. *Users must be involved in the design process. |
| Common characteristics of Wicked Problems | The concept of indeterminacy - Design problems generally don’t have obvious or definitive answers or limits. |
| Common characteristics of system-Oriented | *Design thinking focuses on the relationships between people ,things,and their environment. *Seeks better solutions at the level of a whole artifact, process or experience *Emphasizes the importance of diverse perspectives *Premium on use “in context” |
| What are the concepts of systems in general and why should we zero in on information systems in particular? | |
| Information Systems Triangle | *People- The actors who interact in a business process *Business Processes- Goal oriented activities conducted by a business *Information Technology- Hardware and software used to facilitate business activities |
| What are the differences between information systems and information technology? | |
| What are the key in information systems? | *Owners *Users *Designers *Builders |
| What is the Key role of a systems analyst and the key skills required? | *A systems analyst is a special type of stakeholder (Bridge, Interpreter) * Key Skills - Analytical - Technical - Managerial - Interpersonal |
| What is the business process? | A standardized set of activities that accomplish a specific task (Ex., processing a customer’s order) |
| What is information technology and its core functions? | The combination of computer technology (hardware and software) ad telecommunication technology (data, image, and voice networks) used in the processing and distribution of data. (IOP+S Model) |
| Why do information systems matter for business? | Information systems touch every aspect of business: operations, accounting, management, finance, sales, marketing *Can make of break the success of a business |
| What is an information system? | The combination of people, information technology, and business processes to accomplish a business objective. *Designed to make someone’s life easier |
| What are the three categories of software? | *Personal *Public *Enterprise/Organization |
| BI techniques | *Cluster analysis *Association detection *Statistical analysis & forecasting |
| SCM | The management of information and material flows between stages in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and profitability. |
| What are the key types of enterprise platforms? | Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Business Intelligence (BI) |
| ERP | Integration of all departments and functions throughout an organization onto a single IT system so that employees can make decisions using enterprise-wide information on all business operations. |
| CRM | Managing all aspects of a customer’s relationship with an organization to increase customer loyalty and retention (and in turn, an organization's profitability) |
| BI | Refers to the exploration and analysis of large quantities of data to discover meaningful patterns and rules: • By automatic (i.e., algorithmic) or semi-automatic means • Focuses on informing strategic and managerial decisions |
| What is the purpose of Collaboration Systems? | Supports the work of teams by facilitating the sharing and flow of information Bridging space: interaction of geographically-distributed groups Enabling Flexibility: individuals to interact in dynamic ways Sharing: Joint creation, exchange of info |
| What are the types of collaboration systems? | *Groupware *Workflow Management *Wikis *Content Management Systems *Social Networking tools |
| What are product design systems? | Software platforms that enable collaborative teams to design new products and artificial environments. *Computer-aided design (CAD) *Computer-aided manufacturing *3D Printing |
| What are the historical foundations of the internet? | 1962 JCR Licklinder made memos outlinin Galactic Network 1st head of the comp research program at DARPA 1961 Leonard Kleinrock published 1st paper on packet switching 1965 Merrill and Roberts connected computer in MASS to 1 In CALI on low speed dial up |
| packet switching? | Data is broken up into small “packets” or “datagrams” Individual packets are routed to their destination by the most efficient means available and reassembled at their destination |
| Circuit switching | Circuit: Communications process in which a single path or line must remain open between sender and receiver to enable transmission |
| What are the common internet application s | |
| Concept of protocol | The suite of protocols, or communications standards, that enable data transmission via packet switching |
| Important internet protocols | TPC IP |
| Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) | • Breaks application data into packets for transport • Reassembles packets on the receiving end • Acknowledges receipt of all packets |
| Internet Protocol (IP) | Routes packets from one location to the next until they reach their destination |
| IP addressing | |
| What are the societal benefits and challenges derived from Internet technology. | •Enabling free speech and free expression •Decentralization •Free access to information •Easy access to dif people & views •Knowledgeable consumers •Mind control – Google •Privacy concerns •Credibillity? •Criminal activity •Breach copyright law |
| What are ethics? | The discipline dealing with what is good or bad and with the proper behavior of an individual within society |
| What are some ethical guidelines that one can use in assessing a possible action? | The Golden Rule Kant Bentham & Mill Rawls |
| What are some simple heuristics for ethical decision-making? | *Is it something you or others would prefer to keep quiet? *Would you tell your mother? Would she do it? *Would you tell a nationwide audience? *Could you advertise the policy to gain a market edge? *Does your instinct tell you something is wrong? |
| Ethicality v. legality | there is a fine line but they are related |
| Ethical issues raised by contemporary information technology | refers to a situation where one must decide on a course of action from among multiple options, with every course of action potentially compromising some ethical principle. |
| PAPA Framework | *Privacy *Accuracy *Property *Accessibility |
| What are the ethical implications of IS designs | How do our management decisions impact the rights of others? Do our design choices engender harm to any people? What are the basic concerns of people in the system? What mechanisms exist for maintaining or enforcing ethical principles in the system? |
| What is the purpose of the TCP/IP stack | |
| IPv4 v. IPv6 |
Created by:
JessieKay2002