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Forest Ecosystems
Envi Test 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What do Forest Ecosystems Provide? | - oxygen - lumber - habitat - erosion protection - recreational use - carbon sink - stores excess water - livestock grazing |
| What is an Old-Growth (primary) Forest? | uncut or regrown forest that has not been seriously disturbed by humans or natural disasters, high biodiversity, at risk due to large forest fires Ex : sequoia forests |
| What is a Second Growth Forest? | stand of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession (usually containing pines or oaks) |
| What is a Tree Plantation? Examples? | forest containing one or two species of forest all around the same age Ex : tree farm, commercial forest |
| What are some Drawbacks of Tree Plantations? | low biodiversity, less ecosystem services, repeated cutting down and replanting diminishes soil health, disease spread faster |
| Selective Cutting | when harvesters cut the most mature trees down |
| Clear Cutting | the harvester curs down all of the trees in the area |
| Strip Cutting | the harvester cuts strips of trees in the forest (row by row, leaving some rows alone) |
| Surface Fires | burn away flammable material to help prevent more destructive fires, release seeds from cones and stimulate germination, controls insects and diseases |
| Crown Fires | takes place in the treetops, very destructive |
| What are some Effects of Crown Fires? | when there is less surface fires, there is more fuel to burn through and keep the fire going, kills wildlife, destroys vegetation and increases erosion |
| Deforestation | the temporary of permanent removal of large expanses of forest for agriculture, settlements, or other uses |
| What are some Ecological Effects of Deforestation? | can lead to secondary succession, loss of biodiversity, increased erosion and flooding, loss of soil health and nutrients, water pollution, and loss of carbon sink |
| How much of the US land is Forest? | 30% |
| How much of the US'S Animal Population inhabits these Forests? | 80% |
| How can we Manage Forests more Sustainably? | identify and protect diverse forest areas, stop logging and clear cutting in forests, reduce road building in forests, leave dead trees standing, and replant trees |
| What are some Benefits of Prescribed Burns? | carefully planned and controlled fires to remove flammable trees and bushes, surface fires done to prevent crown fires |
| How much Wood in the US is Wasted? | 60% |
| How is Wood Wasted in the US? | inefficient use of construction materials, excessive packaging, overuse of junk mail, inadequate paper recycling, wooden shipping containers |
| How do we Limit Wood Waste? | limit consumption, write on both sides of paper, recycle notebooks, support local businesses, cooperations switch materials, upcycle |
| How do we Reduce Tropical Deforestation? | governments can cut down on illegal logging, subsidize sustainable forest practices |
| Reforestation | replanting of forests on degraded and abandoned land |
| Who is Wangari Maathai? | nobel peace prize winner in 2004, started the green belt movement which planted trees and gave women jobs |
| Ecological Restoration | the process of repairing damage human have caused to various ecosystems |
| Rehabilitation | turning a degraded ecosystem into a functional or useful ecosystem without trying to restore the original |
| Restoration | returning a degraded habitat or ecosystem to a condition as close as possible to its original one |
| What are the Steps of Ecological Restoration? | identify the causes of degradation, stop the causes, reintroduce keystone species, and protect the area from further degradation |
| What are some Causes of Habitat Degradation in Aquatic Ecosystems? | trawler fisher boats, ocean acidification, dams |
| LionFish, why are they Invasive, How do we Stop Them? | an invasive species that are fast breeders and eat up to 90% or their body weight, reach sexual maturity fast, no natural predators and have a strong defense mechanism, to stop them we must hunt and eat them |
| Sea Lamprey | an external parasite that attached itself to fish and kills them by sucking out their blood |
| Zebra Mussel | invasive species that displaces other mussel species, clogs irrigation pipes, jams ships rudders, and affects tourism |
| Asian Carp | invasive species that can grow as long as 4 feet and weight up to 110 pounds, hurt fishing industry and has no natural predators |
| What percentage of Humans Live Along or Near Seacoasts? | 80% |
| Bioaccumulation | increased concentration of contaminants in the tissues of a specific animal |
| Biomagnification | increased concentration of contaminants in animals higher up on the food chain |
| Fishery | concentration of wild aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given ocean or inland body of water |
| Pure-Seine Fishing | catch surface dwelling species, tuna mackerel, anchovies, herring |
| Long Line Fishing | lines with baited hooks, swordfish, tuna, sharks, halibut, and cod |
| Drift Net Fishing | drifting nets that hang to catch fish |
| What is the Biggest Problem with Fishing? | over fishing and not giving species enough time to recover and increase their populations |
| How do we Create Sustainable Fisheries? | introduce a fishing quota |
| How do we Regulate Fishing Limits? | catch-share systems : the fisherman gets a share of the total catch in the community |
| Aquaculture | fish farming |
| What are the Drawbacks of Aquaculture? | food for farmed fish?, can hurt higher up trophic levels in the wild, pollution from fish waste |
| How have Humans Hurt the Shark Populations? | people fear them, hunted and killed for the fins, killed for liver, meat, hides, and jaws |
| Why are Sharks Vulnerable to Extinction? | grow slowly, mature late, only a few offspring |
| When was the Whale Hunting Prominent, and When did it Stop? | whale hunting was prominent in the 20th century - 3 million whales are killed, in the 1970s the US banned all commercial whaling and imports of whale products |
| How Have Humans hurt the Sea Turtle Population? | threatened by trawler fishing, hunted for their skin and eggs, beachgoers and motor vehicles can crush eggs that are laid along beaches, artificial lights hinder sea levels, can mistake discarded bags for jellyfish and choke |
| Maximum Sustained Yield | the maximum use that a renewable resource can sustain without impairing its renewability through natural growth or replenishment |
| Precautionary Principal | sharply reducing fish harvests and closing over fished areas until we have a better estimates of populations |
Created by:
victoriabrotschol
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