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Directional Terms

Directional Terms in Veterinary Terminology

TermDefinition
Ventral Refers to the belly or underside of a body or body part.
Dorsal Refers to the back.
Cranial Means towards the head; pertaining to the head.
Caudal Means towards the tail; pertaining to the tail.
Anterior Towards the front of the body (regarding the limbs).
Posterior Towards the rear of the body (regarding the limbs).
Rostral Pertaining to the nose end of the head.
Midline (Median, Midsagittal) Imaginary line that divides the body into equal right and left halves.
Medial Pertaining to the middle; towards the midline.
Lateral Pertaining to the side; away from the midline.
Superior Uppermost: above.
Inferior Lowermost: below.
Adjacent Next to; close to or adjoining.
Proximal Closer to the midline of the body; Nearer to the center of the body relative to another point.
Distal Away for the midline of the body; Away from the center of the body relative to another point.
Oblique At an angle.
Superficial/External Means near the surface.
Deep/Internal Means away from the surface.
Peripheral Pertaining to, or situated near the periphery; Outer most part, or the surface of an organ or body part.
Palmar Means the bottom of the front foot or hoof (underside).
Plantar Means the bottom of the rear foot or hoof (underside).
Prone Position of the animal lying on their abdomen, face down, legs extended.
Supine Position of the animal lying on their back, legs extended.
Recumbent Lying down.
Median/Midsagittal Plane Divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves.
Sagittal Plane Parallel to the median plane and divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left body parts.
Frontal/Dorsal Plane Divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts.
Transverse/Horizontal Plane Perpendicular to the median plane and divides the body into cranial and caudal parts.
Longitudinal General term referring to a section cut the length of the body or organ.
Abduction To move away from the midline.
Adduction To move towards the midline.
Flexion To bend a joint or reduce the angle between two bones.
Hyperflexion Flex too far.
Extension To straighten a joint or increase the angle between two bones.
Hyperextension Extend too far.
Supination Rotating the limb or body part so that the ventral surface is turned upwards.
Pronation Rotating the limb or body part so that the ventral surface is turned downwards.
Rotation Circular movement around an axis.
Ventral/Dorsal/Ventrodorsal (VD) Animal is in dorsal recumbency.
Dorsal/Ventral/Dorsoventral (DV) Animal is in ventral recumbency.
Medial/Lateral/Mediolateral Animal is in lateral recumbency.
Lateral/Medial/Lateromedial Animal is in medial recumbency.
Anterior/Posterior/Anterioposterior (AP)/DORSOPLANTAR Animal is in ventral recumbency.
Posterior/Anterior/Posterioanterior (PA)/PALMARODORSAL Animal is in dorsal recumbency.
Oblique (Radiography) Animal is in modified lateral position
Created by: rhysn
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