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Peds test 1
212: musculoskeletal alignment from book
Question | Answer |
---|---|
physiologic flexion | normal hip, knee and elbow flex contractures seen in newborns |
the spine is initially ___ in infants | kyphotic |
when does lordosis develop in infants? | after prone prop |
the pelvis is in ____ tilt at birth | posterior |
what helps position the pelvis in an anterior tilt over time? | increase in lordosis and hip flexion contracture |
the hip is ___ a birth and | lax, can dislocate easily |
neonates present with hip flexion contracture of about ____ degrees | 30 (range varies between 50 and 120) |
neonates lack hip ____ | extension |
neonates have large amounts of hip ____ | abduction |
neonates have more ____ rotation than ____ rotation at the hip | lateral, medial |
decreased lateral rotation is related to increased hip ____ | extension |
at birth the femur is in position as coxa ____ | valga - increased angle of inclination |
angle of inclination | angle formed by the long axis of femur and an axis drawn through the head and neck of the femur |
what causes angle of inclination to decrease with age | weight bearing, compression and tension forces |
torsion | normal amount of rotation present in long bone |
antetorsion | when the head and neck of the femur are rotated forward Thigh in IR --> decreased ER |
retrotorsion | head and neck of the femur are backwardly rotated. Thigh in ER --> decreased IR |
is the hip is antetorsion or retrotorsion at birth? | antetorsion - reduces over time with WB |
prolonged antetorsion leads to | in-toeing, W sit preferred over cross legged |
femoral version | position of the head of the femur in the acetabulum relative to the posterior pelvis (frontal plane) |
anteversion | head of femur is anterior in acetabulum - thigh ER |
retroversion | head of femur is posterior in acetabulum - Thigh in IR |
femoral anteversion is highest at ____ | birth |
the knee is in a knee ____ contracture of 20-30 degrees at birth | flexion |
apparent physiologic bowing | tibia appears outwardly bowed Caused by slight forward rotation of tibia |
tibiofemoral angle | formed by longitudinal axis of femur and tibia |
tibiofemoral angle of infant is in genu ____ | varum (physiologic bowing) - may be up to 15 deg |
slight ____ torsion of tibia is normal, ____ torsion is not | external, internal |
most children with genu valgum younger than 7 have _____ valgus that will resolve over time | physiologic - won't need tx |
if varus position of knees is not decreasing by ____ months to ____ years, tx may be needed | 18-2 |
ankle and foot are very ____ at birth | flexible |
foot is in ____ (DF/PF) at birth and is generally more flat | DF |
when does longitudinal arch develop | 10 yrs - often observable by 4 |
calcaneus and talus and inclined (medially/laterally) _____ | medially - appears slightly inverted in NWB, but will evert in WB |
foot should have a straight ____ border in WB and NWB | lateral |
metatarsus adductus | foot that has a C curved lateral border, atypical |
average age of walking worldwide | 12.1 months |
5 major indicators of mature gait | 1. Single- leg stance 2. Velocity (distance/time) 3. Cadence (#steps/min) 4. Step length (distance) 5. Pelvic span to ankle spread ratio |