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VET 150 Week 5
Drugs used in Cardiovascular System Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Approximately ___ of dogs presenting to the vet clinic have some degree of heart disease. | 11% |
| Heart disease may be congenital or acquired but _______ form is the most common. | acquired |
| Most issues in young animals will be _____ | congenital |
| Treatment of heart disease must be _______ to the patient according to the cause, degree of progression, owner cooperation. | individualized |
| ____ and ____ issues will develop over the course of heart disease progression. | Liver; Kidney |
| The heart is a ___ chambered pump | 4 |
| There are 2 ____ and 2 ____ in the heart. | atria; ventricles |
| Myocardium | Strong muscle tissue which makes up the majority of the heart, contracts to eject blood. |
| Wall of the L ventricle is ______ than that of the R ventricle. | thicker |
| Systole | Period of contraction of the chambers |
| Diastole | Period of relaxation when the chamber are filling with blood |
| Stroke volume | Amount of blood ejected by the L ventricle with every beat |
| AV node | Secondary pacemaker of the heart |
| Ventricular cells | Tertiary pacemaker of the heart |
| Sympathetic Nervous System & Beta 1 receptors | Increase the rate & force of contraction |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System & Muscarinic receptors | Decreases rate & force of contraction |
| Stimulation of Alpha 1 receptors | Causes vasoconstriction |
| Valvular disease | Backflow of blood through a valve, may be accompanied by a murmur, can be caused by bacterial endocarditis |
| Tricuspid valve disease | AKA ascites |
| Mitral valve disease | AKA pulmonary edema |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | Occurs when a focus of cardiac tissue depolarized out of sequence with the SA node, |
| Supraventricular arrythmia | Occur in the atria |
| Ventricle arrythmia | Occur in the ventricles |
| Myocardial disease | Cardiomyopathy, disease of the myocardium |
| Congestive Myocardial disease | Myocardium becomes thin & ineffective in its pumping action |
| Hypertrophic Myocardial disease | Myocardium becomes thickened and restricts ventricular filling |
| An animal with heart disease should have restricted ____ in their diet. | salt |
| CO | Cardiac output |
| Arteriole dilators | used to decrease afterload |
| Venodilators | Used to decrease payload |
| Bronchodilators | Used to increase oxygenations |
| Positive Inotropic Drugs | Increase the strength of contraction of the heart Can increase oxygen demand & tendency for arrythmias, may damage the contractile apparatus |
| Digitalis (digoxin) | Cardiac glycoside, No vet approved products, Obtained from the foxglove plant |
| Sympathomimetics | Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Dobutamine |
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum | Intracellular storage site for calcium |
| Epinephrine | Catecholamine, NOT used for management of heart failure, preferred drug to stimulate the heart after cardiac arrest |
| Dopamine | Catecholamine, Synthetic precursor to norepinephrine, Used in anesthetic emergencies & cardiac resucitation |
| Dobutamine | Catecholamine, Synthetic inotropic agent, structurally related to dopamine, increases cardiac contractility |
| Bipyridine Derivatives | Newest class of positive inotropes |
| Amrinone (Inocor) | Bipyridine Derivatives, Used IV, short term, inpatient therapy |
| Milrinone | Bipyridine Derivatives, Oral med, has potential for long term use |
| Inodilator | Drug that is both a positive inotrope & vasodilator |
| Pimobendan (Vetmedin) | Inodilator, Treats atrioventricular insufficiency, Treats heart failure 2 degree to mitral valve insufficiency, treats dilated cardiomyopathy |
| Flutter/fibrillation | Rapid uncoordinated activity |
| Sodium channel Blockers | Quinidine, Procainamide hydrochloride, Lidocaine, Mexiletine |
| Quinidine | Sodium Channel Blocker, Used to treat ventricular arrhythmia & atrial fibrillation in small animals and horses, DO NOT allow to be chewed and DO NOT crush tablets |
| Procainamide hydrochloride | Sodium Channel Blocker, Treats premature ventricular tachycardia, Treats ventricular tachycardia, treats atrial tachycardia |
| Lidocaine | Sodium Channel Blocker, IV ONLY, Controls VPCs & ventricular tachycardia, Do NOT use the product containing epinephrine IV |
| Mexiletine | Sodium Channel Blockers, Oral med for long term control of ventricular arrythmias |
| Beta Blockers | Propranolol, Atenolol, Esmolol, Carvedilol, Sotolol |
| Selective beta blockers | Blocking only Beta 1 or Beta 2 receptors |
| Non-selective beta blockers | Blocking both beta 1 and beta 2 receptors |
| Propranolol | Nonselective Beta Blocker, 1st veterinary agent available, Indicated for: HCM, Atrial & ventricular arrhythmias, Hypertension & hyperthyroidism in cats |
| Sotalol | Nonselective beta blocker, Action similar to propranolol at lower doses, Inhibits potassium channels |
| Calcium channel blockers | Prevents entry of calcium through cardiac cell membrane |
| Diltiazem | Calcium channel blocker, Available in tablets & capsules, used for supraventricular tachycardia in dogs/cats, HCM in cats |
| Amoldipine | Calcium channel blocker, Used for treatment of hypertension, not as antiarryhthmics |
| Vasodilators | Reduce the heart's workload |
| RAAS | Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
| Arteriolar dilators | Dilate arteries, decreases afterload to improve CO |
| Venodilators | Dilate veins, Decreases payload |
| Combines Vasodilators | Dilate both arteries and veins |
| Hydralazine | Arteriole dilator, Acts directly on smooth muscle in the arterial wall |
| Amlodipine | Arteriole dilator, Used for hypertension in cats/dogs, Used to treat hypertension secondary to CKD, hyperthyroidism, or DM |
| CKD | Chronic Kidney Disease |
| DM | Diabetes mellitis |
| HCM | Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
| Nitrogycerin | Venodilators, Pools blood in peripheral vessels & decreases venous return to the heart |
| Prazosin (Minipress) | Combined vasodilator, Reduces blood pressure & peripheral vasoconstriction by blocking alpha 1 receptor sites |
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | Prevents formation of angiotensin II, Influences cardiac remodeling |
| Diuretics | Commonly used drugs in the treatment of heart failure |
| Furosemide (Lasix) | Loop diuretic, Reabsorption occurs in the loop of Henle, Used in removing edema from animals with heart failure |
| Spironolactone | Potassium sparing diuretic, Generally not used alone, Combined with a loop diuretic |
| Bronchodilators | Increases size of lung passageways, Aminophylline & theophylline |
| Oxygen Therapy | Crucial in treating animals with advanced stages of CHF |
| Aspirin | Inhibits thromboxane to prevent platelet formation |
Created by:
Acraft02
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