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Summaries
Question | Answer |
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A summary | is a brief restatement of the main ideas in a source, using your own words. |
Any direct copying from the original source | is not recommended unless that copy is kept to a minimum. |
Anything taken verbatim (word for word) from the original source | must be enclosed in quotation marks. |
Summaries include only the main ideas | no need to include all the details, examples, facts, illustrations, and other specifics. |
Include the author’s name and title of the piece being summarized | within the summary itself. Doing so at the beginning is recommended. |
When referring to the author in the summary, use any of the following: | Author's full name The author Author's last name only The writer |
Do not use the | author’s first name only. |
Summaries use fewer words than | the source being summarized. |
Avoid simple and repetitive language, especially verbs. For example | it is better to say, “The author asserts. . .” as opposed to saying, “The author says. . .” |
Experiencing difficulty finding the main idea of the source being summarized? Try asking | "What is the author trying to prove?” |
Summaries do not follow the organization of the original source. In other words | don’t start summarizing with the first paragraph of the source and then continuing. The summary deals with the piece as a whole. |
Summaries are objective and do not include | any personal reflections, judgments, or interpretations |
Use the | present tense when summarizing. |
When summarizing, keep in mind that a reader may not be familiar with the original piece. Include | what is necessary to give that reader a general idea of the content of the original source. |
An in-text parenthetical citation must be included in the summary at the end of the first sentence, before the final punctuation mark. This citation includes | the full-page numbers of the work being summarized. If the author’s name is included in the sentence, then it does not get included in the parenthetical citation. |