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IR Key Terms
81 Key terms of the industrial revolution
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Subsistence | the minimum amount to sustain life |
| Common Land | The open meadows of a village maintained by villages for public use, such as hunting and grazing. |
| Enclosure Act | Law passed in England in the late 1700's that allowed the common areas to be privately owned |
| Open Field System | Was a division of fields by a manor into strips of land cultivated by peasants. |
| Seed Drill | Jethro Tull invention that allowed farmers to implant seeds in the ground, stopping them from being blown away or eaten by animals. |
| Marling | The combination of rich soil and other natural resources, being poorer soil or clay, to help make quality crops and reduce erosion |
| Capitalism | Emerged in the industrial revolution, it is where the production and distribution of goods and privately owned and produced for profit. |
| Joint Stock Company | Emerging in the Industrial Revolution, it is wealthy investors provided money for profit with limited risk. Done by people to gain funds. |
| Limited Liability | A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments. |
| Gross Domestic Product | The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation |
| Flying Shuttle | John Kay made this during the revolution to help weavers make much wider fabrics, also allowing for mechanization. This help develop automatic machine looms. |
| Spinning Jenny | James Hargreaves developed this multi |
| Water Frame | Made by Richard Arkwright in the 1780's and was powered by water, helped to turn out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms |
| Spinning Mule | In 1779, Samuel Crompton combined the spinning jenny and the water frame to create a machine which produced a thread which was stronger, finer and more consistent |
| Power Loom | A mechanically operated water loom, changed worker's jobs from running the loom to watching it. Sped up the manufacturing process. |
| Domestic System | The manufacture of goods in the household setting, a production system that gave way to the factory system |
| Factory System | Replacing the domestic system, using powered machinery, divided labor, and a centralized workplace the wealthy mass produced products. |
| Railroad | With the development of the railroad, people, raw materials, and good could be transported faster than ever before. |
| Steamboat/ship | Made by Robert Fulton, it allowed for improved travel of people among rivers. |
| Pit Ponies | Ponies that worked underground in the mines hauling coal |
| Barrowmen | Men who hauled wagons of coal |
| Wheeled Corf | A wheeled wagon or basket used for bringing coal out of the mines |
| Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought |
| Napoleonic Wars | A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times (1799 |
| British East India Company | Helped expand international trade, nurtured the City of London and propelled the Industrial Revolution and British prosperity. |
| Corn Laws | tariffs and restrictions on imported grains in England, as well as a price increase |
| Poor Law Guardians | The people who decided who should have poor relief. |
| Landed Class | a term used to describe landowners who owned sufficient land so that they could live entirely from rental income |
| Bourgeoisie | the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people |
| Proletariat | Coined by Marx, he described it as the class of wage workers who were engaged in industrial production and whose chief source of income was derived from the sale of their labour power |
| Furnacemen | People who worked with putting in and taking out materials in the Industrial revolution |
| Puddlers | People who helped with the stirring and rotation of high quality iron in the industrial revolution. |
| Rollers | A machine used to role out iron, into a thin bar, with consistent thickness and smoothness. |
| Cholera | A disease that heavily hit the industrial revolution. Occured when sewage came into contact with drinking water. |
| Typhoid | A food |
| Industrialization | The process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. Cottage workers to factory workers. |
| Labor Laws | Impacted the children in the textile industry. Made the minimum hiring age 9 and maximum working hours 12. |
| Labor Unions | A group of people within a particular job or industry that join together to fight for improved working conditions. Helped enact laws to increase pay, reduce work, and make a safer working environment. |
| Urban | A city |
| Urbanization | An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. |
| Rural | The countryside, with much open land. |
| Swing Riots | A widespread uprising in 1830 by agricultural workers in southern and eastern England in protest of agricultural mechanisation and harsh working conditions |
| Penal Colony | a type of prison, especially one that is far away from other people |
| Rotten Borough | Rural towns in England that sent members to Parliament despite having few or no voters |
| Chartism | A program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Included demands of universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons. |
| Blacklist | Denying people employment for either political reasons, due to a history of trade union activity, or due to a history of whistleblowing, for example on safety or corruption issues. |
| Pitt's Combination Act | Helped put a stop to the LEGAL formation of trade unions, targeted people who wanted shorter hours/higher pay. |
| Picketing | Act by workers of standing in front of or near a workplace to call attention to their grievances, discourage patronage, and, during strikes, to discourage strikebreakers |
| Friendly Societies | Also known as mutual aid societies, these were voluntary serf |
| Trades Union Congress | Founded in 1868, it was made to swing parliament in favor of legislation favorable to workers. It was comprised of many different unions of skilled workers until in 1889 where they allowed the addition of "new" or unskilled unions to join. |
| Habeas Corpus | Nobody can be arrested unlawfully without presentation in front of a judge. |
| Outdoor Relief | providing cash assistance that allowed individuals to remain in their own homes |
| Workhouse | an institution that was intended to provide work and shelter for poverty stricken people who had no means to support themselves. |
| Irish Famine | a blight or fungus that destroyed the potato crop in Ireland |
| Arthur Young | Helped with the development of agriculture in the industrial revolution, was one of the two leading writers on agriculture |
| William Marshall | Was the other agricultural writer in the industrial revolution |
| Thomas Coke | British Politician and Agricultural reformer. Was a advocate of American Colonists in the American Revolutionary War. Also had a seat in parliament, discussed local issues like the Corn Laws. |
| Henry Bessemer | Englishman who developed the first efficient method for the mass production of steel |
| James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736 |
| Matthew Boulton | An entrepreneur who joined with James Watt, and paid him for his ideas on building better engines |
| Friedrich Engels | Another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx. |
| Adam Smith | Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism. |
| John Kay | Invented the flying shuttle |
| James Hargreaves | inventor of the spinning jenny |
| Richard Akwright | Invented the water frame |
| Samual Crompton | invented the spinning mule |
| Edward Cartwright | Invented the power loom |
| George Stephonson | In 1815 he successfully invented an improved engine which revolutionized rail transport |
| Isambard Kingdom Brunel | British engineer most known for building Britain's railway network |
| Abraham Darby | Invented coke smelting in 1709. Allowed for cheap, high quality, iron production. Also allowed for bigger furnaces. |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | Was a military general and French leader. Assisted in the IR with his Napoleonic Wars |
| William Pitt the Younger | He had entered Parliament in 1780 and was just 24 when he became first minister in 1783. Reduced the National Debt by £10 million between 1784 and 1793. |
| David Ricardo | (1772 |
| Robert Peel | One of early textile manufacturers of the Industrial Revolution |
| Edwin Chadwick | Renowned social reformer and a key proponent of sanitary reform, appointed to the Poor Law Commission. Tasked to undertake an investigation into sanitation and make recommendations on improving conditions. |
| Earl of Shaftesbury | Was a social and industrial reformer best known for the Tenth Hour Act in 1833, which aimed to reduce the work hours of children |
| Robert Owen | British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed |
| John Doherty | Was an Irish trade unionist, radical and factory reformer who devoted his life to political and social reform |
| Lord Liverpool | Was Prime Minister at the time of victory at the Battle of Waterloo, and faced social turmoil including the Peterloo Massacre of protesters in Manchester. |
| Charles Townsend | Developed crop rotation and later drained much land back at home in England |
| Jethro Tull | Invented the seed drill |
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