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Biology Quiz 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| aneuploid | individual with an error in chromosome number; includes chromosome segment deletions and duplications |
| polyploid | individual with an incorrect number of chromosome sets |
| centimorgan (cM) | (also, map unit) relative distance that corresponds to a 0.01 recombination frequency = 1 cM |
| recombination frequency | average number of crossovers between two alleles; observed as the number of nonparental types in a progeny's population |
| Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance | theory proposing that chromosomes are the genes' vehicles and that their behavior during meiosis is the physical basis of the inheritance patterns that Mendel observed |
| translocation | process by which one chromosome segment dissociates and reattaches to a different, nonhomologous chromosome |
| chromosome inversion | detachment, 180° rotation, and chromosome arm reinsertion |
| trisomy | otherwise diploid genotype in which one entire chromosome duplicates |
| euploid | individual with the appropriate number of chromosomes for their species |
| X inactivation | condensing X chromosomes into Barr bodies during embryonic development in females to compensate for the double genetic dose |
| homologous recombination | process by which homologous chromosomes undergo reciprocal physical exchanges at their arms, also crossing over |
| karyogram | a karyotype's photographic image |
| karyotype | an individual's chromosome number and appearance; includes the size, banding patterns, and centromere position |
| monosomy | otherwise diploid genotype in which one chromosome is missing |
| nondisjunction | failure of synapsed homologs to completely separate and migrate to separate poles during the meiosis' first cell division |
| nonparental (recombinant) type | progeny resulting from homologous recombination that exhibits a different allele combination compared with its parents |
| parental types | progeny that exhibits the same allelic combination as its parents |
| When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result? | The gene involved is located on the X chromosome. |
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a serious condition caused by a recessive allele of a gene on the human X chromosome The pts have muscles that weaken over time bc they have absent or decreased dystrophin How likely is it for a woman to have this condition? | One-half of the daughters of an affected father and a carrier mother could have this condition. |
| Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy;. Only boys are affected, & they are always born to phenotypically normal parents. Is this disorder likely to be caused by a dominant or recessive allele? Is the inheritance of this trait sex-linked or autosomal? | recessive, sex-linked |
| A recessive allele on the X chromosome is responsible for red-green color blindness in humans. A woman with normal vision whose father is color blind marries a color-blind male. What is the probability that this couple's first son will be color blind? | 1/2 |
| Which of the following statements correctly describes the meaning of the chromosome theory of inheritance as expressed in the early 20th century? | Mendelian genes are at specific loci on the chromosome and, in turn, segregate during meiosis. |
| Which of the following statements regarding gene linkage is correct? | The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability that a crossover will occur between them. |
| Which of the following phrases correctly defines what one map unit is? | a 1% frequency of recombination between two genes |
| Why are males more often affected by sex-linked traits than females? | Males only have one X chromosome so they cannot be carriers. |
| Which of the following statements correctly describes the reason that closely linked genes are typically inherited together? | They are located close together on the same chromosome. |
| If cell X enters meiosis, and nondisjunction of one chromosome occurs in one of its daughter cells during meiosis II, how will this affect the gametes at the completion of meiosis? | One-quarter of the gametes descended from cell X will be n + 1, one-quarter will be n - 1, and half will be n. |
| A couple has a child with Down syndrome. The mother is 39 years old at the time of delivery. Which of the following is the most probable cause of the child's condition? | One of the gametes in the mother most likely underwent nondisjunction during meiosis. |
| In cats, black fur color is determined by an X-linked allele; the other allele at this locus determines orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of a black female and an orange male? | tortoiseshell females; black males |
| Inheritance patterns can't always be explained by Mendel's models of inheritance. If a pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate during meiosis I, select the choice that shows the chromosome # of the 4 resulting gametes w/ respect to the (n)? | n + 1; n + 1; n - 1; n - 1 |
| A color-blind boy has a mother with normal vision and a color-blind father. From which parent did he get the color-blind gene? | mother |
| Boy, dwf w/ aplasia & normal vis bangs a color blind gal, norm ht Man's dad was 6' & both the gals parents: avg ht Dwarfism w/ aplasia is autosomal dom & red green color blindness is X linked rec How many daughters expected to be color-blind w/ aplasia? | none |
| The SRY gene is best described as ________. | a gene present on the Y chromosome that triggers male development |
| In humans, the sex of the offspring is determined by the: | sex chromosome carried by the sperm cell |
| Traits controlled by sex-linked recessive genes are expressed more often in males because: | the male has only one gene for the trait. |
| A woman is found to have 47 chromosomes, including three X chromosomes. Which of the following statements describes her expected phenotype? | healthy female of slightly above-average height |
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