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CORE Chapter 4
Chapter 4 - Pesticide Formulations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The name “X-Pest 5G” on a pesticide label indicates a: | Granular pesticide with 5% active ingredient |
| Which is the pesticide formulation process by which solid particles are dispersed in a liquid? | Suspension |
| This liquid pesticide formulation consists of a small amount of active ingredient (often 1% or less per unit volume). | Ready-to-use (low-concentrate) solution (RTU) |
| This liquid pesticide formulation may approach 100% active ingredient. | Ultra-low volume (ULV) |
| What is a disadvantage of both EC and ULV formulations? | Solvents may cause rubber or plastic hoses, gaskets, pump parts, and other surfaces to deteriorate |
| What dry/solid formulation is mixed in water and reduces the risk of inhalation exposure during mixing and loading? | Water-dispersible granule (WDG) or dry flowable (DF) |
| Which type of dry/solid pesticide formulation consists of particles that are the same weight and shape? | Pellet |
| Delayed or slow release of the active ingredient prolongs their effectiveness is an advantage of ______ materials | Microencapsulated |
| What type of adjuvant functions as a wetting agent and spreader (i.e., physically altering the surface tension of spray droplets)? | Surfactant |
| What type of adjuvant increases the viscosity of spray mixtures? | Thickener |
| A _____ is a pesticide product as purchased, containing a mixture of one or more active ingredients, carriers (inert ingredients), and other additives diluted for safety and ease of application | Formulation |
| Diluents are any inert liquid, solid, or gaseous material that is _____ with a pesticide active ingredient during the manufacturing process. Also, the water, petroleum product, or other liquid in which the formulated product is mixed before application. | Combined |
| A carrier is an inert liquid, solid, or gas added to an ____ ingredient to make a pesticide formulation. | Active |
| Can a carrier also be the material used to dilute the formulated product for application? | Yes |
| A solvent is a liquid such as water, oil, or alcohol that will ____ another substance (solid, liquid, or gas) to form a solution. | Dissolve |
| A solution is a mixture of one or more substances in another substance (usually a ___) in which all the ingredients are completely dissolved. | Liquid |
| An example of a _____ is sugar in water | Solution |
| An ___ system is a device that stirs or mixes a pesticide product in a sprayer. | Agitation |
| A chemical that aids in the suspension of one liquid in another that normally would not mix together: | Emulsifier |
| An emulsion is a mixture of two liquids that are not ____ in each other. One is suspended as very small droplets in the other with the aid of an emulsifying agent. | Soluble |
| An example of an emulsion is an emulsifiable ____ in water. | Concentrate |
| Emulsifiable concentrates (EC) are a pesticide formulation produced by mixing an active ingredient and an emulsifying agent in a suitable petroleum solvent. When combined with water, a ____ emulsion is usually formed. | Milky |
| Impregnates are products with pesticides _____ into them. These pesticides slowly emit vapors over time and provide control of nearby pests. | Incorporated |
| Examples of ____ are pet collars, livestock ear tags, adhesive tapes, and plastic pest strips. | Impregnates |
| A pesticide formulation before it is diluted: | Concentrates |
| Phytotoxicity is chemical injury to: | Plants |
| The movement of a chemical into plants, animals (including humans), microorganisms, or soil: | Absorption |
| Volatility is the degree to which a substance _____ from a liquid or solid state to a gas at ordinary temperatures when exposed to air. | Changes |
| A mixture of two or more crop-production products in a spray tank. | Tank mixing |
| Adjuvants are substances added to a pesticide to ____ its effectiveness or safety. | Improve |
| Examples of _____ include penetrants, sticker-spreaders, and wetting agents. | Adjuvants |
| Adjuvants are also called: | Additives |
| True or false: Pesticides are formulated for end use because many pesticide active ingredients, in pure/technical grade form, are not suitable for application. | True |
| ____ are formulated to make them safer or easier to use. | Pesticides |
| The ___ ingredient is the part with pesticide properties. | Active |
| The ___ ingredient is a carrier or diluent, a surface-active ingredient like a sticker or spreader, a stabilizer, dye, or any chemical which makes the product safer or enhances pesticidal activity. | Inert |
| A | Aerosol |
| AF | Aqueous flowable |
| B | Bait |
| C | Concentrate |
| D | Dust |
| E or EC | Emulsifiable concentrate |
| F | Flowable |
| G | Granules |
| GL | Gel |
| L | Liquid |
| LC | Liquid Concentrate |
| LV | Low Volatile |
| M | Microencapsulated |
| P or PS | Pellets |
| RTU | Ready-to-use |
| S | Solution |
| SP | Soluble powder (or soluble packet) |
| ULV | Ultra-low volume |
| W or WP | Wettable powder |
| WDG | Water-dispersible granules |
| WS | Water soluble |
| WSB | Water-soluble bag (or water-soluble packet) |
| WSC | Water-soluble concentrate |
| WSL | Water-soluble liquid |
| WSP | Water-soluble powder (or water-soluble packet) |
| Consider legal, labeled ___ when choosing a formulation for a specific site or situation. | Use |
| Consider applicator ____ when choosing a formulation for a specific site or situation. | Safety |
| Consider the ___ word when choosing a formulation for a specific site or situation. | Signal |
| Consider _____ safety when choosing a formulation for a specific site or situation. | Environmental |
| Consider pest ___ when choosing a formulation for a specific site or situation. | Biology |
| Consider site ____ when choosing a formulation for a specific site or situation. | Characteristics |
| Consider the ____, or surface to be treated, when choosing a formulation for a specific site or situation. | Target |
| Consider appropriate and available application ____ when choosing a formulation for a specific site or situation. | Equipment |
| E or EC advantages: Easy to handle, transport and store, easy to pour and measure, little ___ required, not abrasive, will not usually plug screens or nozzles, leaves little visible residue on treated surfaces | Agitation |
| E or EC disadvantages: High concentration of active ingredient(s) makes it easy to over/underdose, may damage treated plants or surfaces, easily ___ through skin, splashes and spills are relatively difficult to decontaminate. | Absorbed |
| E or EC disadvantages: strong odor, solvents may cause ___ wear and tear, may cause pitting/discoloration of painted finishes or surfaces, flammable, may be corrosive. | Equipment |
| RTU low-concentrate solutions advantages: Convenient, some are packaged and sold in or with an application device, less personal ___ risk due to reduced toxicity and handling | Exposure |
| RTU low-concentrate solutions disadvantages: Limited availability, ___ cost per unit of active ingredient | High |
| C, LC, or WSC/WSL Advantages: relatively easy to handle, transport and store, no agitation necessary, not abrasive, do not plug screens or nozzles, do not usually leave visible ___ on treated surfaces | Residues |
| C, LC, or WSC/WSL Disadvantages: limited availability - esp. ___-based solutions, spills and splashes may be difficult to clean up and/or decontaminate, some are easily absorbed through skin | Water |
| Liquid baits Advantages: liquid ant baits are very useful in ___ sugar-feeding ants, ants that will feed on liquid baits carry this material to the colony | Controlling |
| Liquid baits Advantages: liquid rodenticide baits will often control rodents in areas where food is ___, but water is scarce or lacking altogether | Abundant |
| Liquid baits Disadvantages: not all ants, cockroaches and rodents will feed on liquid baits, you must refill or replace liquid-containing bait stations ___ | Frequently |
| ULV concentrates Advantages: easy to handle, transport and store, little or no agitation required, ___ abrasive to equipment, do not plug screens and nozzles, leave little visible residue on treated surfaces | Not |
| ULV concentrates Disadvantages: high drift hazard due to small ___ size, specialized equipment required, easily absorbed through skin | Droplet |
| ULV concentrates Disadvantages: high dermal and inhalation exposure risk, may cause rubber or plastic hoses, gaskets and pump parts and other surfaces to ___, calibration and application must be performed with special care | Deteriorate |
| Invert emulsions Advantages: low drift, increased rate of penetration/absorption, increased rainfastness and ___ runoff | Reduced |
| Invert emulsions Disadvantages: difficult to treat the underside of foliage or other ___ because droplets are large and heavy, limited availability | Targets |
| F or AF Advantages: easy to handle and apply, low ___ risk, generally not phytotoxic, seldom clog nozzles, splashes are less likely than with other liquid formulations | Exposure |
| F or AF Disadvantages: may settle, difficult to ___ all of product from container, may be abrasive, spills hard to clean up, may leave a visible residue on treated surfaces | Remove |
| Ready-to-use aerosols (A) Advantages: easy to use, convenient, portable, easily stored, convenient way to buy and ___ a small amount of pesticide, retain potency for some time | Apply |
| Ready-to-use aerosols (A) Disadvantages: practical for only a few limited or specialized uses, risk of ___ exposure | Inhalation |
| Ready-to-use aerosols (A) Disadvantages: hazardous if ___, over-heated or used near an open flame, may be difficult to direct material released to a single target site or pest | Punctured |
| Aerosols as smoke or fog generators Advantages: easy way to fill an ___ space with pesticide | Entire |
| Aerosols as smoke or fog generators Disadvantages: highly specialized use sites and equipment, difficult to confine to target site of pest, spills and splashes may be difficult to clean up, may require respiratory ___ to prevent inhalation exposure | Protection |
| D Advantages: usually ready-to-use, a good alternative where moisture from a spray might cause ___, applied with simple application equipment, effective in hard-to-reach indoor areas | Damage |
| D Disadvantages: easily drift off target during application, residues do not ___ to treated surfaces, including foliage, as well as liquids do, may irritate eyes, nose, throat, and skin | Adhere |
| D Disadvantages: dampness may cause product to clump and equipment to ___, some kinds of application equipment and devices are hard to calibrate, difficult to get an even distribution of particles | Clog |
| G Advantages: ready-to-use, drift hazard is ___, low applicator hazard, weight carries the formulation through foliage to soil or water target | Low |
| G Advantages: applied with simple application equipment, may break down more ___ than WPs or ECs because of a slow-release coating | Slowly |
| G Disadvantages: application equipment needs frequent calibration, application equipment is not as convenient to calibrate as spray equipment b/c it's measured by ___ instead of volume, uniform application may be difficult | Weight |
| G Disadvantages: granules do not stick to foliage or uneven surfaces, may need to be incorporated into planting medium, may need ____ to release the active ingredient, may be hazardous to nontarget species (especially waterfowl), bulky | Moisture |
| WP or W Advantages: easy to store, transport and handle, less likely than ECs and other ___-based formulations to harm treated plants, animals and surfaces | Petroleum |
| WP or W Advantages: as a rule, not phytotoxic, less risk of skin and eye ___ than ECs and other liquid formulations | Absorption |
| WP or W Disadvantages: not easy to measure or mix, inhalation hazard to applicator while measuring and mixing, suspended particles require good and constant ___ | Agitation |
| WP or W Disadvantages: abrasive to pumps and nozzles, difficult to mix in very hard or very alkaline water, if not mixed properly, may clog nozzles and screens, residues may be ___ on treated surfaces | Visible |
| B Advantages: ready-to-use, entire area need not be covered because ___ goes to bait, control pests that move in and out of an area | Pest |
| B Disadvantages: may be attractive to children and pets, may ___ domestic animals and nontarget wildlife, require careful placement and inspection, pest may prefer the crop or other food, dead vertebrate pests may cause problems | Kill |
| B Disadvantages: if baits are not removed after the pesticide stops working they may serve as a ___ supply, may not work in situations where pests have many other food or water sources | Food |
| Pastes, gels and other injectable baits Advantages: odorless, low human ___, last for long periods, low applicator exposure risk | Toxicity |
| Pastes, gels, and other injectable baits Advantages: hidden placements ___ human and pet exposure, accurate in their placement and dosage, easily placed where insects shelter | Minimize |
| Pastes, gels and other injectable baits Disadvantages: can become contaminated, when exposed to ___ temps, gels can drip/run, may stain porous surfaces, repeated applications can cause unsightly buildup | High |
| Fumigants Advantages: toxic to a ___ range of pests, can penetrate cracks, crevices, wood and tightly packed areas, a single treatment will usually kill most pests in the treated space | Wide |
| Fumigants Disadvantages: the target site must be ___ or covered to prevent the gas from escaping, nonspecific and highly toxic to humans and all other organisms, high inhalation exposure risk | Enclosed |
| Fumigants Disadvantages: most require the use of specialized personal ___ equipment, may require the use of specialized application equipment, some have specific temperature requirements | Protective |
| M Advantages: coatings help protect the applicator, easy to mix, handle and apply, timed release of active ingredient ___ effectiveness, reduced volatility and odor, less likely to stain or otherwise damage treated surfaces, reduced phytotoxicity | Prolongs |
| M Disadvantages: constant agitation may be necessary, risk of injuring or ___ bees, long restricted-entry or preharvest intervals for highly toxic products | Killing |
| WSB or WSP Advantages: accurate premeasured unit doses, increased handler safety, lower risk of ___ | Spills |
| WSB or WSP Disadvantages: package size may ___ match volume of prepared solution needed and/or tank volume | Not |
| WSB or WSP Disadvantages: may not be suitable for products applied in pounds or gallons of active ingredient per acre due to the size or number of packets required, must be kept ___ until ready to use | Dry |
Created by:
Rebecca_Miller
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