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POL101 Final Terms
Final Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Revolving Doors | The system of ex-congressmen to return arena as lobbyists |
| Candidate centered politics | Politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation. |
| Ticket-splitting | A vote for candidates of different political parties on the same ballot, instead of for candidates of only one party |
| Gerrymandering | Is when a political group tries to change a voting district to create a result that helps them or hurts the group who is against them |
| “The revolving door” | Situations in which a public official or employee leaves or sets aside their public position to represent their own, or other, private interests before the same government |
| Citizens United v. FEC | Created the regulation that prohibited corporations and unions from paying for advertisements that supported or denounced a specific candidate |
| Elite Polarization | Refers to polarization between the party-in-government and the party-in-opposition |
| Affective Polarization | Refers to the extent to which the electorate "dislikes" or "distrusts" those from other parties; among regular people |
| Polarization | The growing gap between democrats and republicans; conservatives and liberals |
| Speaker of the House | Is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives |
| Filibuster | A filibuster is a tactic used in the U.S. Senate to delay or block a vote on a measure by preventing debate on it from ending |
| Agenda Setting | Ability (of the news media) to influence the importance placed on the topics of the public agenda A type of communication effect showing a strong link between importance placed on issues by news media and importance of issues to public. |
| Rules committee | Legislative committee responsible for expediting the passage of bills |
| Conference committee | Negotiates a reconciliation that both chambers can accept without amendment. This allows bills to escape the filibuster in the senate |
| Subcommittee | Report bills back to the full committee rather than the House floor. |
| Standing committee | Permanent committees established under the standing rules of the Senate and specialize in the consideration of particular subject areas |
| Committee system | Divides the work of congress to groups that specialize in certain areas |
| Cloture | A Senate procedure that limits further consideration of a pending proposal to thirty hours in order to end a filibuster |
| Pork Barrel Legislation | When federal funds are attached to a bill for projects within a Congress persons district which could aid in their re-election |
| Logrolling | Is the process by which politicians trade support for one issue or piece of legislation in exchange for another politician's support, especially by means of legislative votes |
| Casework | refers to the activity of taking action on behalf of requests from a Congress-person's individual constituents |
| Norm of Neutrality | |
| Horse Race Coverage | Election coverage by the mass media that focuses on which candidate is ahead rather than on national issues |
| Media Bias | When US media outlets skew information, such as reporting news in a way that conflicts with standards of professional journalism or promoting a political agenda through entertainment media |
| Priming Effects | Whenever exposure to one thing can later alter behavior or thoughts |
| Framing Effects | A cognitive bias in which the brain makes decisions about information depending upon how the information is presented |
| Political Action Committees (PACs) | Organizations that collect money to distribute to candidates who support the same issues as the contributors |
| Opinion Leader | Individuals with social influence that typically serve as the hub of an interpersonal communications network, are considered credible and trustworthy |
| Cognitive Bias | A systematic thought process caused by the tendency of the human brain to simplify information processing through a filter of personal experience and preferences. |
| Heuristic (in voter decision-making) | Shortcuts for reducing information costs |
| Political Socialization | The process in which people develop their political values, beliefs, attitudes and ideology through family, friends, co-workers, web, etc. |
| Granting certiorari | This is a request that the Supreme Court order a lower court to send up the record of the case for review. |
| Standing | A legal term which determines whether the party bringing the lawsuit has the right to do so; court won’t hear hypotheticals |
| Judicial Review | The power of the Federal courts to interpret the constitution and invalidate actions of the elected branches (both state and federal) that the courts deem to be unconstitutional. |
| Judicial Restrain | The opposite of activism. Judges who believe in this believe that the courts are ill suited to make laws, and so they should cut the elected branches some slack. |
| Judicial Activism | The judicial attitude or philosophy that the courts must be active in policing the actions of the elected branches |
| Supreme Court Appointment | The process through which a supreme justice is chosen |
| Marbury V. Madison | Supreme Court decision that established for the first time that federal courts had the power to overturn an act of Congress on the ground that it violated the U.S. Constitution |
| Fire Alarm Oversight | Selective monitoring, triggered by complaints from citizens and interest groups who bring potential problems to legislators' attention |
| Police Patrol Oversight | Legislators monitor policies to detect problems during implementation |
| Red Tape | Explicit rules and procedures that must be followed by agents within a principal/ agent relationship. Excessive regulation or rigid conformity to formal rules that is considered redundant and hinders or prevents action or decision-making. |
| Presidential Cabinet | An advisory body made up of the heads of the 15 executive departments. Appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, the members of the Cabinet are often the President's closest confidants. |
| Street Level Bureaucrat | Street level bureaucrats directly implement government legislation. |
| Principal Agent Dilemma | Arises when one party (agent) agrees to work in favor of another party (principle) in return for some incentives. Such an agreement may incur huge costs for the agent, thereby leading to the problems of moral hazard and conflict of interest. |
| “Take Care” Clause | Requiring the President to “take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed” |
| Signing Statement | Added to the signing of a bill with the intention to “clarify” what the bill means and how it ought to be enforced |
| Honeymoon period | Generally the first 2 years of office, when the President is most popular and has the most public support; fades by midterms |
| Executive Order | Declaration by the president or a governor which has the force of law, usually based on existing statutory powers |
| Going Public | Represents a new style of presidential leadership in which the president sells his programs directly to the American public |
| Executive Agreement | Presidential arrangements with other countries (foreign policy) without the need for senate approval |
| President as Chief Clerk | The president is the “chief administrator” of the nation’s laws; held responsible for the agencies of the national government and the implementation of national policy |
| Veto | A president’s authority to reject a bill passed by Congress |
| Pocket Veto | Keeping a bill unsigned until the legislative session essentially expires a slightly sneaky way for a president or governor to ------veto a bill |
| Types of bureaucratic agencies | Cabinet departments, independent agencies, government corporations, and independent regulatory commissions |
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