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AP Bio Unit 5 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Heredity | the transmission of traits from one generation to another |
| Genes | segments of DNA that code for basic units of heredity |
| Mutations | a change in the usual DNA sequence at a particular section of a gene |
| Homologous Chromosomes | a pair of chromosomes that have the same length, size, and centromere position and carries the same genetic information |
| Asexual Reproduction | reproduction where a offspring is produced by a single parent |
| Sexual Reproduction | the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes |
| Karyotype | a display of chromosome pairs ordered by size and length |
| Somatic Cell | any non-reproductive cell |
| Gametic Cell | a reproductive cell of an animal or plant |
| Diploid | two complete sets of each chromosome |
| Haploid | one set of each chromosome |
| Autosome | chromosomes that don't determine sex |
| Sex Chromosomes | chromosomes that determine whether the individual is male or female |
| Life Cycle | sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism from conception of its own reproduction |
| Zygote | a cell formed when two gametes fuses during fertilization |
| Genetics | the study of genes and heredity |
| Clones | cells or organisms that are genetically identical to the original organism or cell from which it is derived |
| Meiosis | a process that creates haploid gamete cells in sexually reproducing diploid organisms |
| Synapsis | pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occur during meiosis |
| Tetrad | paired chromosomes consisting of four chromatids |
| Chiasmata | the point of contact between the homologous pair of chromosomes |
| Crossing Over | the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis |
| Independent Assortment | chromosomes are randomly oriented along the metaphase plate during metaphase I, each can orient with either maternal or paternal chromosomes closer to a given pole |
| Interphase | cell goes through G1, S, and G2 |
| Prophase I | homologous chromosomes pair up and physically connect to each other forming a tetrad, crossing over occurs at the chiasmata and DNA is exchanged between homologous pairs |
| Metaphase I | Independent Orientation: tetrads line up at the metaphase plate |
| Anaphase I | pairs of homologous chromosomes separate by sister chromatids are still attached |
| Telophase I and Cytokinesis | Nuclei and cytoplasm divide, there is now a haploid set of chromosomes in each daughter cell |
| Prophase II | no crossing over, spindle forms |
| Metaphase II | chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate, the chromatids are unique |
| Anaphase II | sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles |
| Telophase II and Cytokinesis | 4 haploid cells, nuclei reappears, each daughter cell is genetically unique |
| True Breeding | organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self pollination |
| P Generation | true breeding parental generation |
| F1 Generation | (first filial) hybrid offspring of the P generation |
| F2 Generation | (second filial) offspring of the F1 generation |
| Punnet Squares | diagrams used to predict the allele combinations of offspring from a cross with known genetic compositions |
| Monohybrid Cross | a cross between the F1 hybrids |
| Dihybrid Cross | F1 hybrids produced by organisms that true breed for two traits |
| Phenotypes | an organisms appearance which is determined by the genotype |
| The Multiplication Rule | the probability that two or more individual events will occur together in some specific combination |
| Law of Segregation | the two alleles for the same trait separate during gamete formation and end up in gametes |
| Law of Independent Assortment | genes for one trait are not inherited with genes fo another trait |
| The Addition Rule | the probability that two or more mutually exclusive events will occur |
| Recessive | a gene or trait whose effects are masked int eh presence of a dominant gene |
| Alleles | alternative versions of a gene |
| Heterozygous | an organism has two different alleles for a gene |
| Genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism |
| Dominant | the allele determining the phenotype if present |
| Homozygous | an organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character |
| Pedigrees | family trees that give a visual of inheritance patterns of particular traits |
| Incomplete Dominance | neither allele is fully dominant so it's a mix of the two phenotypes |
| Polygenic Inheritance | trait that is influenced by many genes that work together to produce the phenotype |
| Multiple Alleles | genes that exist in forms with more than two alleles |
| Epistasis | the phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus affects a gene at another locus |
| X-Linked | genes found on the X chromosomes |
| Codominance | two alleles that affect phenotype are both expressed |
| Y-Linked | genes specifically found on the Y chromosome, very few Y-linked genes so very few disorders |
| Hemizygous | an individual who has only one member of a chromosome pair or chromosome segment rather than the usual two |
| Barr Body | the inactive X chromosome in the somatic cells in females |
| Recombinants | offspring with phenotypes that are different from the parents |
| Linkage Map | genetic map that is based on recombination frequencies |
| Chi Square | a form of statistical analysis used to compare the actual results with the expected results |
| Phenotypic Plasticity | individuals with the same genotype exhibit different phenotypes in different environments |
| Nondisjunction | chromosomes fail to separate properly in meiosis I and meiosis II |
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