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family/households
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| migration | movement of people from place to place |
| immigration | movement into an area or society |
| emigration | refers to movement out |
| net migration | the difference between the numbers of immigrants and the numbers of emigrants, this expressed as a net increase or net decrease due to migration |
| patterns of immigration to the uk | largest group prior to ww2 was the Irish post ww2 many came from Europe, especially Poland since then the biggest group has been from Asia and the Caribbean |
| reasons for migration | economic-both in push and pull factors better and more lucrative options abroad etc. lifestyle religious political racial |
| issues surrounding migration | ethnicity that may influence family structure migration is often 'hot' political issue integration and issues of cultural identity |
| statistics surrounding impact | 2001 ethnic groups accounted for 7.9% of the total population Uk's population is growing partly because of immigration immigration lowers the average age both directly and indirectly dependency ratio |
| Pilcher | argues childhood is separate from adult life, it is a distinct 'golden age' of happiness and innocence and therefore needs protected |
| Postman | childhood is disappearing, more like 'little adults', children have the same rights, disappearance of supervision, similarity in clothing, children committing adult crimes such as murder |
| pre-industrial childhood | 'little adults', same work and play as adults, children didn't have toys/games as they were an economic asset and they were held to the same responsibility (e.g 7 year old could be hung for stealing) |
| reasons why childhood is disappearing | sexualisation class adult control toxic childhood |
| industrial childhood | split via class children from w/c families still worked in mines,factories etc. m/c attitudes started to change, parents invested emotionally in children, death rate of children started to fall |
| mid-19th century | adults become concerned with children who were begging on the streets and child prostitutes banned from working in factories/mines many w/c resisted, they relied on the wages |
| 20th century-present | children are provided with education, specialised toys,tv shows,play areas , doctors,teachers,food and drink etc. now laws protect them from past exploitation e.g child protection act (1989) age of consent at 16 |
| child-centred | focus on children and their needs within society,relates to change in society increasing children in school over work etc. |
| information hierarchy | a division between adults, who can read, and children, who cannot (seen from the 19th century onwards) |
| how as information hierarchy changed | television has blurred the lines,destroyed information hierarchy,skills aren't required to access information anymore |
| how did Opie criticise Postman | still evidence of a continued existence of a separate children's culture |
| Jenks | childhood has changed from preparing for adulthood to being a source for parental adults, identity/stability as a result of rising divorce e.g making children more vulnerable |
| Palmer | there is now a toxic childhood as rapid technological and cultural changes have damaged children's physical,emotional and intellectual development |
| new sociology of childhood | children are active agents who play a major part in creating their own childhoods |
| examples of adult control | control of space, control of time and neglect and abuse |
| Gittens- age patriarchy | inequality between adults and children, children are ruled by the father |
| Net migration 1969 (UK) | -87,000 |
| Net migration 1983 (UK) | 18,000 |
| Net migration 1993 (UK) | -less than 1,000 |
| Net migration 2004 (UK) | 245,000 |
| Net migration 2015 (UK) | 332,000 |
| reasons for migration patterns | early 1990s-relaxation of EU borders early 1990s-increased welfare state in UK, post-Thatcherism 2001-increased fear around terror attacks (e.g 9/11) early 1990s-War, Gulf war, Rwanda genocide etc. |
| demographic | population structure |
| in 2012 how many UK nationals emigrated for work | 150,000 36%-professional or managerial occupations |
| How many student visa's issued in 2018 | 217,000 |
| Cohen 3 types of class differences in migration (2006) | citizens-full citizenship rights Denizens-welcomed by the state,privileged Helots-exploited, 'disposable units of labour force' |
| Who created the term 'Super-diversity'? | Steven Vertovec-2007 |
| Ehrenreich and Hochschild (2003) feminisation of migration | observe care work,domestic work and sex work in western countries, found they're being done by women from poor countries because of 4 trends service occupations in the west western women in work men do less dw failure to provide adequate childcare |
| Parsons | 2 functions of the family stabilisation of adult personalities primary socialisation |
| Murdock | nuclear family is universal 4 functions: reproductive economic sexual educational |
| Zaretsky | family absorbs stresses of capitalism to help accept hierarchy, movement from production to consumption-pester power fragments individuals dampening revolutionary potential illusion of the 'private' life |
| Oakley | Dual burden if women were doing the same jobs outside the home they would be paid cereal packet family is powerful |
| demography | the study of populations and their key characteristics |
| birth rate | defined as the number of live births per thousand of the population per year |
| total fertility rate | the number of women at childbearing age |
| infant mortality rate | measures the number of infants who die before their first birthday per thousand babies born live per year |
| death rate | the number of deaths per thousand of the population |
| life expectancy | number of years a person can expect to live |
| dependency ratio | the relationships between the size of the working population and the non-working population or dependent part of the population |
| Sarah Harper | the main reason for the decline in birth/fertility rates is education , see other possibilities than family, once a pattern of low fertility rates lasts for more than one generation the norms shift and larger families are less acceptable |
| examples of legal changes that created family diversity | divorce reform act (1969) equal pay act (1970) marriage act - same sex couples (2013) |
| statistics regarding DV | 1/4 women experience 2 women die per week at partners hands 100 children die a year 17% of rape by a stranger 12.9m per year 1300 calls per day 3m harassment |
| Rapaport and Rapaport | 1960s social change resulted in diversity in 5 ways: C-cultural L-life course O-organisational G-generational S-social class |
| Mitchell and Goody (1997) | important change since the 1960s has the reason for the rapid decline in the religion around divorce |
| Patricia Morgan | cohabitation was a prelude to marriage, now a growing trend of cohabiting relationships which she argues is harmful and undermines traditional family values |
| Modernism and the family | the family is fixed,rigid and structured industrial revolution |
| Smart | personal life perspective now develop meaningful relationships outside of family so it's not as important sociology of family is ethnocentric 5 concepts influence relationships |
| what are the 5 concepts that Smart believe influence personal relationship? | B-biography E-embeddedness R-relationality I-imaginary M-morality |
| postmodernism and the family | society is no longer fixed so traditional structures have broken down to be fluid and therefore diverse |
| examples of family types | nuclear,blended/reconstituted,living apart together,empty nest,extended,beanpole,lone parent,cohabiting |
| translocation | develop ties to more than one geographical home etc. |
| May | PLP societal change means we draw meaning from relationships outside of the family lone parent means functions are often fulfilled by others so you construct your own network which may include family members |
| structural differentiation | parsons some functions of the family have moved to other institutions e.g economic function has been taken on by the welfare state |
| evidence of nuclear family not being | Oneida Community female carer core Nayar Tribe Polyandrous families in Nepal Kibbutz system |
| warm bath theory | parsons the family should be a comforting and relaxing place for the father to return to after a day of work to ensure rest for the next day |
| best/functional fit theory | parsons nuclear family isn't universal as the family structure changes as societal needs adapt |
| Engels | monogamous marriage creates economic dependence for women become 'glorified prostitutes' as they produce heirs in return for economic security response to industrialisation- idea of your own wealth |
| Beck and Giddens (1992) | relationships out of love over necessity pure relationships traditional norms have been lost room for self interest |
| Hochschild (1997) | housework compares unfavourably to work for women valued at work causes frustration in marriages, unstable and no time for emotion work |
| alternative family | do not conform to the norms of the nuclear family ( cis-man, cis-women,2 biological children) |
| Murray | New right nanny state eugenics on the u/c to prevent them reproducing their 'bad' genes |
| false class consciousness | convincing the w/c to accept their position and that they can move if they work hard enough as they have equal opportunities |
| Fletcher (1966) | higher expectations of marriage cause higher divorce rates people are less willing to tolerate an unhappy marriage ideology of romantic love |
| Cooke and Gash (2010) | no evidence working women are more likely to divorce this is because working has now become the accepted norm for married women |
| Chester (1985) | delay in marriage rather than a reduction in the popularity of marriage neo-conventional family e.g lone parent, dual earner |
| Young and Willmott (1973) | liberal feminist symmetrical family family is gradually improving for all of its members becoming more equal and democratic |
| Polygny | husband has many wives |
| monogamy | married to one person at a time |
| polygamy | people can have as many husbands or wives as they want |
| polyandry | wife can has many husbands as they like |
| adultery | cheating whilst legally married |
| bigamy | illegal practice of having more than one spouse |
| Devine | affluent workers revisited Goldthorpe's study of workers in Luton argued lifestyles haven't changed as much as he suggested not privatised/home centred not purely instrumental or individualistic evidence of solidarity |
| Benston (1972) | Marxist feminist exploited by unpaid domestic labour if they were paid there would be a complete distribution of power |
| Ansley (1972) | Marxist feminist women work as a valve for the frustration of men men can let out their anger at work at home means they don't rebel against capitalist oppression |
| Delphy and Leonard (1992) | men benefit most from the exploitation of women work for the head of the household and are socialised to be submissive to stabilise husbands |
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