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Chap 18
test and quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| McKinley | assassinated in 1901 and V.P. Theodore Roosevelt takes office |
| Progressivism | an ideological movement of the early 20th century that favored achieving political and social reform through education, wider political participation by all social classes of society, and direct government action |
| Progressives favored furthering reform through | Promoting direct democracy Increasing government efficiency Advocating government intervention |
| Progressives wanted | Secret ballots for elections, Direct primaries, Initiative, Referendum, Recall |
| Direct primaries | nomination of a party’s candidate by popular vote |
| Initiative | a process in which voters initiate legislation by presenting petitions to their legislature that requires legislators to consider some action |
| Referendum | allows the people to vote yes or no in a regular election to determine whether a law should be enacted or not |
| recall | voters petition to hold a special election deciding whether to remove an elected official from office |
| city commission | combined duties of mayor and city council and gave them to five city commissioners |
| City manager | hired by some cities to serve as administrator of the city government |
| “Trust-busting” | breaking up the monopolies and restoring competition to the marketplace |
| “Gas and water socialism” | most widely accepted form of control; city or state government controls utilities such as water and gas |
| progressive movement | Progressives favored legislation to have labor unions Progressives sponsored laws establishing minimum wage levels, prohibiting child labor, limiting the number of hours in a workday, and mandating safety standards for factories |
| Sixteenth Amendment | Federal income tax (1913) Progressives favored because: provide the government with funds it needed for reforms and social services The tax rate was graduated; the more someone makes, the higher percentage of his income he must pay in taxes |
| Seventeenth Amendment (1913) | called for the direct election of U.S. Senators |
| Eighteenth Amendment (1919) | Banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages Repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment |
| Nineteenth Amendment (1920) | Granted women suffrage (the right to vote) Led by women like Susan B. Anthony |
| Muckrakers | literary leaders of progressivism who exposed abuse and corruption |
| William Jennings Bryan | leader of progressive wing of Democratic party |
| Robert LaFollette | Wisconsin senator who was leader of Republican progressives |
| Three presidents governed during the Progressive Era | Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson |
| “Square Deal” | Roosevelt’s philosophy that every man & woman should receive fair treatment and equal opportunity |
| Northern Securities case | milestone in vindicating the government’s authority to regulate trusts |
| Hepburn Act | Strengthened Interstate Commerce Commission’s ability to set railroad rates Made provision for a standard bookkeeping system that made it easier to compare and regulate these rates |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | Outlawed interstate sale of impure food and drugs Required honest labeling of such products |
| Meat Inspection Act | Required Department of Agriculture to oversee the preparation and packaging of meat Dept. of Agriculture required to inspect health of animals before slaughter |
| The Jungle | Graphic portrayal of the filthy conditions in Chicago’s meat-packing plants Written by muckraker, Upton Sinclair |
| Coal miners’ strike in 1902 | first time government acts as the mediator in a labor dispute |
| what was most important to T. Roosevelt | conservation of natural resources |
| One of the great Progressive failures | worsening race relations |
| “Jim Crow laws” | legislation requiring forced segregation of the races in trains, restaurants, hotels, schools, and other social settings |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | Supreme Court decreed that “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional |
| W.E.B. DuBois | in 1909 he formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to fight legal battles on the behalf of blacks |
| “Speak softly and carry a big stick” | describes Roosevelt’s foreign policy |
| Panama Canal | one of Roosevelt’s favorite projects |
| Roosevelt Corollary | U.S. would act as a policeman to keep Latin American countries in line |
| Roosevelt negotiated | the end of the Russo-Japanese War |
| “Great White Fleet” | sailed around the world symbolizing American power wherever it went |
| Taft | captured the Republican nomination in 1908 and then defeated William Jennings Bryan, Progressives thought Taft had abandoned them when he failed to trim Cannon’s power |
| Joseph Cannon | Speaker of the House in 1910 Chairman of the powerful Rules Committee |
| Roosevelt and Taft were divided over conservation; the final break between them | was over antitrust proceedings |
| “Dollar diplomacy” | Taft preferred to influence foreign affairs through the investment of American dollars in foreign countries |
| Election of 1912 | Republicans nominate Taft Roosevelt forms a third party, the Bull Moose party; ran on New Nationalism Democrats nominate Woodrow Wilson; motto “New Freedom” Wilson wins Democrats control both the White House and Congress |
| Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 | slashed overall rates by about one-third by adopting the first income tax |
| Federal Reserve Act (1913) | Divided nation into 12 banking districts Each served by private regional Federal Reserve Bank Created a new currency, the Federal Reserve Note |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by expanding list of practices prohibited to corporations |
| Federal Trade Commission Act | this act established the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), a board of five men authorized to help define and halt unfair business practices |
| Two inventions in the Progressive Era | automobile and airplane—began the transformation of American transportation in the 20th century |
| Henry Ford | perfected the assembly line method of production |
| Orville and Wilbur Wright | Kitty Hawk, North Carolina December 17, 1903 Wright Flyer was the first powered, sustained, and controlled flight in history |
| George Washington Carver | one of the leaders in southern agriculture during and after the Progressive Era |
| “golden age” of American agriculture | because farmers’ profits skyrocketed after years of depressed prices |
| John Hopkins | pioneered the modern medical school in which advanced medical research, lab experience, and actual hospital work were essential parts of a physician’s education |
| The medical advance that caught the public’s attention | was the battle against yellow fever |
| Progressive educators | aimed at improving education by relating learning to the child’s interests |
| John Dewey | Leading progressive educator; a major leader in secular humanism |
| Secular humanism | denies the existence of God and affirms the goodness and perfectibility of man |
| Modernism | Applied Darwinian evolution to Christianity Denied Biblical teachings |
| Social gospel | Replaced the regeneration of the individual with the “regeneration” of society through social reform Walter Rauschenbusch was the leader of the movement |
| Benjamin B. Warfield | one of the greatest defenders of the faith during this time |
| Billy Sunday | the most important urban evangelist after the death of Moody |
| Progressivism Evaluated | Many progressive reforms were worthwhile The cost of progressive reform was an increase in the powers of government Most progressives had a faulty view of the nature of man believed in the inevitability of progress false solutions |
Created by:
dagnymoore