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immunology (3 &4)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the components of the innate immune system? | - external defense system - internal defense system |
| Function of the external defense system? | Keeps microorganisms from entering the body |
| Function of the internal defense system? | Enhance the process of phagocytosis |
| What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody? | antigens are foreign substances and antibodies are serum proteins produced by lymphocytes when exposed to antigens |
| What is inflammation? | The body’s response to injury or invasion by a pathogen. |
| What are the signs and symptoms of inflammation? | - redness (erythema) - swelling (edema) - heat - pain |
| What is PAMP? | - (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) - molecules found only on pathogens which allow host cells to distinguish from self. |
| What is a TLR? | |
| Name the acute-phase reactants? | • C-reactive protein (CRP) • Serum Amyloid A (SAA) • Alpha1-antitrypsin • fibrinogen • haptoglobin • ceruloplasmin • complement C3 |
| Function of c-reactive protein (CRP) | Opsonization, complement activation |
| Function of serum amyloid A (SAA) | Activates monocytes and macrophasges (chemical messenger) |
| Function of Alpha1-antitrypsin | general plasma inhibitor of prease release from leukocytes (protease inhibitor) |
| Function of fibrinogen | Clot formation |
| Function of haptoglobin | Binds hemoglobin |
| Function of ceruloplasmin | Binds copper and oxidizes iron |
| What disease relates to ceruloplasmin? | Wilson's disease |
| Function of Complement C3 | opsonizaztion, lysis |
| What are the seven steps of phagocytosis? | 1. adherence (physical contact) 2. engulfment (phagocyte secretes cytoplasm surrounding pathogen) 3. formation of phagosome 4. granule contact 5. formation of the phgolysosome 6. digestion 7. excretion (exocytosis) |
| Describe the function of NK cells | - Kill target cells that are infected with a virus or other intracellular pathogen - recognize malignant cells |
| What is apoptosis | Cell death |
| Describe adaptive immunity | A type of resistance characterized by - specificity for each individual pathogen - ability to remember prior exposure - an increased response to that pathogen upon repeated exposure |
| What does T cell differentiation mean? | When T cells are changed, in the thymus, to perform a different task throughout the body |
| What are the subsets of T cells? | - T helper cells - Cytotoxic T cells - T regulatory cells |
| Describe B cell differentiation | Goes through a process that gives the cells a new role. Begins with the antigen-independent phase for B cells that have not fully matured and the antigen-dependent phase for matured B cells |
| What are the subsets of B cells? | • Pro-B cells • Pre-B cells • Immature B cells • mature B cells |
| What is the function of plasma cells? | Antibody production |
| What is flow cytometry? | An automated system that is used to identify cells based on a scattered light going through the cells as they flow in a single file through a laser beam |
| What is negative selection? | How T cells that respond to self-antigens are broken down in the thymus |
| On which cell is CD19 expressed? | B cells |
| On which cell is CD3 expressed? | T cells |
| The term for enhancement of phagocytosis by coating of foreign particles with serum proteins is: | opsonization |
| What plays an important role as an external defense mechanism? | lysozyme |
| The process of inflammation is charactrized by what? | - increased blood supply to the area - migration of WBCs - Appearance of acute-phase reactants |
| Skin, lactic acid secretions, stomach acidity, and the motion of cilia represent which type of immunity? | Innate |
| The structure formed by the fusion of engulfed material and enzymatic granules within the phagocytic cell is called a: | Phagolysosome |
| The presence of human microbiota (normal flora) acts as a defense mechanism by which of the following methods? | Competing with potential pathogens |
| Measuremnt of CRP levels can be used for what? | - Monitoring drug therapy with anti-inflammatory agents - tracking the process of an organ transplant - determining active phases of rheumatoid arthritis |
| Pathogen recognition receptors acts by: | Recognizing molecules that are unique to pathogens |
| What are some characteristics of acute-phase reactants? | - rapid increase following infection - enhancement of phagocytosis - nonspecific indicators of ihnflammation |
| Which is the most significant agen formed in the phagolyosome for the elimiination of microorganisms? | Hypochlorite ions |
| Which acute-phase reactant helps to prevent formation of peroxides and free radicals that may damage tissues? | Haptoglobin |
| Enhances phagocytosis | TLRs |
| The action of CRP can be distinguished from that of an antibody because: | CRP acts before the antibody appears |
| How does innate immunity differ from adaptive immunity? | Innate immunity depends upon normally present body functions |
| A 40-year-old male who is a smoker develops symptoms of premature emphysema. The sytmpoms may be caused by a dificiency of which acute-phase reactant? | Alpha1-antitrypsin |
| Which MHC molecule is necessary for natigen recognition by CD4+ T cells? | Class II |
| Which would be characteristic of a T-independent antigen? | It consists of a limited number of repeating determinants |
| Humoral immunity refers to which of the following? | Production of antibody by plamsa cells |
| Where does antigen-independent maturation of B lymphocytes take place? | Bone marrow |
| In the thymus, positive selection of immature T cells is based upon recognition of which of the following? | MHC antigens |
| IgM and IgD are found where? | Mature B cell |
| How do cytotoxic T cells kill target cells? | They produce granzymes that stimulate apoptosis |
| Which of the following can be attributed to antigen-stimulated T cells? | Cytokines |
| Which is a distinguishing feature of a pre-B cell? | U chains in the cytoplasm |
| When does genetic rearrangement for coding of antibody light chains take place during B-cell development? | As the cell becomes an immature B cell |
| Which of the following antigens are found on the t cell subset known as helper/inducers? | CD4 |
| Where does the major portion of antibody produciton occur? | Lymph nodes |
| Which of the following would represent a double-negative thymocyte? | CD2+CD3+CD4-CD8- |
| Which of the following best descries the T-cell receptor for antigen? | Alpha and beta chains are unique for each antigen |
| A cell flow cytometry pattern belonging to a 3-year-old patient showed the following: normal CD4+ T cell count, normal CD19+ B-cell count, low CD8_+ T-cell count. Which type of immunity would be affected? | Elimination of virally infected cells |
| Which of the following is a unique characteristic of adaptive immunity? | Ability to remember a prior exposure to a pahtogen |
| Clonal deletion of T cells as they mature is important in which of the following processes? | Elimination of autoimmune responses |
| Where do germinal centers occur? | lymph nodes |
| What are external defenses? | Structural barriers such as skin, mucous membranes, cilia, and secretions. |
| What are internal defenses? | Both cells capable of phagocytosis and acute-phase reactants that enhance the process of phagocytosis. |
| What are the cells that are most active in phagocytosis? | - neutrophils - monocytes - macrophages - dendritic cells |
| What are pathogen recognition receptors (PRRS)? | Molecules on host cells that recognize substances found only on pathogens. |
| Where are PRRs found? | - neutrophis - monocytes - eosinophils - mast cells - dendritic cells |
| What happens once receptors bind a pathogen? | Phagocytosis an take place |
| What is the most widely monitored acute-phase reactant? | C-reactive protein (CRP) |
| All acute-phase reactants increase the likelihood of what? | Phagocytosis of pathogens and help healing occur |
| What is the first step in phagocytosis? | Physical contact between the phagocytic cell and the foreign particle |
| The process that attracts cells to thea rea of infection | Chemotaxis |
| What must occur before he specific immune respone can be initiated? | Phagocytosis |
| This process is essential to both innate and adaptive immunity: | Phagocytosis |
| The action of NK cells does not require what? | Prior exposure |
| Recognizes a lack of class I MHC protein found on normal cells | NK cell |
| Binds to and kills any antibody-coated target cell | NK cell |
| This cell represent an important link between the innate and adaptive immune system | NK cell |
| Where does B cells mature? | Bone marrow |
| T cells acquire their specificity where? | Thymus |
| B cell markers include: | -CD19 -Class II MHC proteins -Surface immunoglobulins |
| How can B cells be recognized? | By the presence of surface antigens that are detected by monoclonal antibodies |
| Surface immunoglobulins on B cells are receptors for what? | antigen |
| Antigen-dependent phase takes place where? | In the secondary lymphoid organs |
| Antigen-independant development of B cells occurs where? | Bone marrow |
| Allow B cells to interact with T helper cells in the production of antibodies: | Class II MHC proteins |
| Production of antibodies is known as: | Humoral immunity |
| T cells are distinguished by the precense of: | - CD3 - CD2 - CD4 or CD8 |
| Cells that express CD4 belong to what? | A t-cell subset that includes helper/inducer cells |
| CD8+ T cells are what kind of cells? | Cytotoxic cells |
| Able to destroy cancer cells or virally infected host cells | Cytotoxic cells |
| CD8+ T cells are able to destroy cancer cells or virally infected host cells by producing what? | - perforins - granzymes |
| Positive selection of immature T cells is based on what? | interaction with the unique MHC antigens of the host |
| Negative selection in T-cell maturation is based on what? | Interaction with self-antigens of the host |
| What happesn if a T cell recognizes self-antigens? | It is destroyed by apoptosis |
| What are T cells responsible for? | Cell-mediated immunity |
| Production of cytokines that serve as regulatory factors for the immune response | Cell-mediated immunity |
| Laboratory determination of individual lymphocyte populations is essential in diagnosis of such conditions as what? | - lymphomas - immunodeficiency diseases - unexplained infections - Acquired immune disease such as AIDS |
| How are lymphocytes identified? | Using monoclonal antibodies directed against specific surface antigens. |
| How are lymphocytes enumerated? | Through the use of cell flow cytometry |
| Categorizes cells on the basis of light scattering | Cell flow cytometry |
| Can destroy most pathogens that humans are exposed to before disease sets in | TLR (toll-like receptors) |
| Binds to mannan and B-glucans found in fungal cell walls to activate cytokine and chemokine production: | C-type lectin receptor (CLR) |
| Serum proteins that increase rapidly in response to infection or injury | Acute-phase reactants |
| Internal defenses include: | - cells capable of phagocytosis - acute-phase reactants that enhance phagocytosis |
| Innate immunity is characterized by: | - lack of specificity - no need for prior exposure - a similar response with each exposure |
| T-cell differentiation double negative stage lacks what? | Both CD4 and CD8 |
| What undergoes rearrangement of genes coding for TCRs during the double-negative stage in T-cell differentiation? | Thymocytes |
| What drives the differentiation process during the double-negative stage in T- cell differentiation? | Chemokines |
| Survivors of positive and negative selection exhibit either? | CD4 or CD8 |
| CD4 T cells are? | T helper cells |
| Assist in antibody production | T helper cells |
| CD8 T cells are? | Cytotoxic T cells |
| Kill target cells | Cytotoxic T cells |
| Accounts for two/third of peripheral T cells | T helper (Th) cells |
| Have CD4 receptor | T helper cells |
| Recognize antigen and class II MHC protein | T helper cells |
| Components of the external defense system? | - skin - epidermis - dermis - lysozymes - gastric acid - airways - microbiota / normal flora / host's good bacteria |
| Responses towards internal defense system? | - inflammation - phagocytosis - activate the adaptive immune response |
| A molecule that is capable of binding to an antigen receptor on a T cell | Antigen |
| Deters phagocytic/cytotoxic action on autoantigens | PAMP |
| Has 10 human types | TLRs |
| These cells search for cells which do not conform to autoantigen cells | NK cells |
| Found in peripheral blood, liver, spleen | NK cells |
| Secrete lytic granules | NK cells |
| An enzyme to cause cell lysis/apoptosis | Granzymes |
| What are the 2 types of binding receptors? | 1. inhibitory 2. Activating |
| What are the 2 branches of adaptive immunity? | 1. Humoral (B cells, antibodies) 2. Cell-mediated (T cells, phagocytic and cytotoxic) |
| Epitopes eventually bind to this | Pro B Cells |
| Surrogate Light chain | Pre B cells |
| Immature B cell contain what surface proteins? | CD21, CD40 and MHC II |
| Moves to spleen also known as a transitional cell | Immature B cell |
| Naive B cell before antigen exposure | Marginal zone and follicular |
| Type of branch of adaptive immunity that uses the cells of the immune system | Cell immunity |
| Type of branch of adaptive immunity that uses antibodies found in the liquid portions of bodily fluids. | Humoral immunity |
| The skin has a pH of approximately what? | 5.6 |
| What maintains the skins pH? | lactic acid and fatty acids |
| What is the pH of the digestive tract? | as low as 1 |
| What TLR Receptors are found on cell surfaces? | TLR 1,2,4,5, and 6 |
| What TLR receptors are found in endosomal compartments? | TLR 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10 |
| This receptor recognizes lipopeptides and targets mycobacteria | TLR 1 |
| This receptor recognizes peptidoglycan, lipoproteins, zymosan and targets gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria, and yeasts. | TLR 2 |
| This receptor recognizes lipopolysaccharide, fusion proteins, mannan and targets gram-negative bacteria and RSV fungi. | TLR 4 |
| This receptor recognizes flagellin and targets bacteria with flagellae | TLR 5 |
| THis receptor recognizes lipoptides, lipoteichoic acid and zymosan and targets mycobacteria, gram-positive bacteria and yeasts | TLR 6 |
| What receptor recognizes double-stranded DNA? | TLR 9 |
| What receptors recognize single-stranded RNA? | TLR 7 and 8 |
| What receptor recognizes double-stranded RNA? | TLR 3 |
| What receptors target RNA viruses? | TLR 3, 7, and 8 |
| What receptor targets DNA viruses and bacterial DNA? | TLR 9 |
| What receptor allows NK cells not destroy norma/healthy cells? | Inhibitor receptors |
| What receptor initiates cytotoxic response? | Activating receptors |
| What happens if inhibitor signal is not received? | NK cells are going to release perfirins and granzymes |
| The highest concentration of these TLRs occurs on? | - monocytes - macrophages - neutrophils |
| Elevated levels of CRP are found in what conditions? | - bacterial infections - rheumatic fever - viral infections - malignant disease - TB - after a heart attack |
| The most widely used indicator of acute inflammation | CRP |
| Acts as a chemical messenger | SAA (Serum Amyloid A) |
| Increases significantly more in bacterial infections than in viral infections | SAA |
| A 52-kD protein that is primarily synthesized in the liver | Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT) |
| Acts to "mop up" or counteract the effects of neutrophil invasion during an inflammatory response | Alpha1-Antitryspin (AAT) |
| People who smoke have a higher chance of having a dificiency in what? | Alpha1-Antitryspin (AAT) |
| Makes blood more viscous and serves to promote aggregation of RBCs and platelets. Increased levels may contribute to an increased risk for developing coronary artery disease | Fibrinogen |
| What is the main purpose of the inflammatory response? | To attract cells to the site of infection and remove foreign cells or pathogens by phagocytosis |
| Resident macrophages and mast cells at the site of infection release what? | chemokines |
| chemokine-induced integrins on the leukocytes bind firmly to the | Endothelial cells |
| Integrins enable the leukocytes to crawl between what? | Endothelial cells |
| The elimination of pathogens occurs by what two different processes? | oxygen-dependent pathway oxygen-independent pathway |
| Occurs in the oxygen-dependent phase of phagocytosis and damage protein irreversibly are? | Hypochlorite and hydroxyl ions |
| What is a chemical messenger called? | chemokine |
| Precursors that are committed to becoming T cells are known as? | thymocytes |
| Thymic stromal cells include: | - epithelial cells - macrophages - fibroblasts - dendritic cells |
| The combination of the eight chains during the double-negative stage is known as: | CD3/TCR complex |
| The selection of an allele on one chromosome only is known as: | allelic exclusion |
| What is mature T cells tasks? | Wound healing and protection of the epithelium |
| When thymocytes express both CD4 and CD8 antigens, they are called: | double-positive thymocytes |
| when this takes place it allows only double positive cells with functional TCR receptors to survive | Positive Selection |
| Cells that react with self-antigen are destroyed by apoptosis is known as? | Negative selection |
| Which Th cell has proinflammatory affect which can make inflammation happen? | Th9 |
| Which Th cell is associated with cytokines that increase inflammation? | Th17 |
| Fully functional B cell has what receptors? | IgM and IgD receptors |
| T cells interact with APCs to initiate what? | Adaptive immune response |
Created by:
Vlandon98