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Cognition Exam 1
Quiz 1,2,3 questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the introductory chapter conclude about the influence of cognitive approaches on other areas of psychology? | Cognitive psychology has had an important impact on a variety of areas throughout psychology. |
| Which term or phrase is closest in meaning to the term “cognition”? | Mental activity |
| John is reading his Cognitive Psychology textbook. He notices that his stomach is grumbling, but he thinks, “I will finish this section of the chapter and then go to lunch.” John’s thought illustrates the cognitive process of | Decision making |
| The philosopher ____ can be called the first cognitive psychologist, because he examined topics such as memory and perception and emphasized the importance of empirical evidence. | Aristotle |
| In the __________________ technique, people describe what they are thinking as they perform a task. | Introspection |
| emphasized that introspection could provide useful information, if participants were well trained. | Wilhelm Wundt |
| The primary contribution of _______________ to current cognitive psychology was research about factors that might influence human memory. | Hermann Ebbinghaus |
| Which of the following women was an early researcher in memory who reported the recency effect and also became the first female president of the American Psychological Association? | Mary Whiton Calkins |
| Chris just telephoned Roberta and listed eight items that they need for the afternoon picnic. Roberta didn’t have a pencil, so she couldn’t write them down. However, she remembers the last three items very well because of | Recency Effect |
| Behaviorists and cognitive psychologists are most likely to agree on which of the following points? | Researchers need to have detailed definitions about how a concept will be measured |
| A psychologist who favors the Gestalt approach would be most likely to criticize the fact that behaviorists | Behaviorists ignore the context in which a behavior occurs. |
| A cognitive psychologist who analyzes a cognitive task in terms of a series of stages—like the way a computer operates—is using which of the following approaches? | Information-processing approach |
| One of the characteristics of the human brain that is especially important in the connectionist approach is that the brain | Has networks to link together many neuron units. |
| The perspective called the “parallel distributed processing approach” includes the word “parallel” in its name because: | The human brain can process several items simultaneously. |
| A research team is studying which parts of the brain are active when a participant looks at a photograph of a person, and tries to judge how intelligent that person is. This kind of study is an example of | Social Cognitive Neuroscience |
| Some cognitive neuroscientists study brain lesions to learn more about brain functions. However, a major problem with this technique is that | Brain damage may extend into several areas of the brain. |
| Suppose that you hear about a research project in linguistics that is exploring the topic called discourse. Which of the following would be the most likely topic for this research? | “What are students’ ideas about how a story should end?” |
| One component of your general knowledge focuses on semantic memory. Which of the following would be an example of semantic memory? | Your knowledge that the word bear is similar to the word lion. |
| Which of the following is the best example of a schema? | Your understanding that the concept “dentist’s office” includes a waiting room and a receptionist, but not video games |
| Your thoughts about your cognitive processes is referred to as | Metacognition |
| Suppose that you are looking at an object on your desk. Which of the following is the best example of the term perception? | You combine your previous knowledge, together with the information registered by your eyes. |
| The identification of a complex arrangement of visual stimuli is known as | Object or Pattern Recognition |
| Right now, the words in this sentence are being registered on the retina of your eye. This representation on your retina is called | the proximal stimulus |
| Suppose that you look at a television screen for less than a second and then close your eyes. The image that is briefly preserved after the stimulus has disappeared is held in | Iconic memory |
| The primary visual cortex is located in the _______ lobe of the brain. | Occipital lobe |
| According to the gestalt psychology approach to visual perception, | We tend to see well-organized patterns, rather than random-looking stimuli. |
| Imagine that you are looking at a geometric drawing. At first, one shape in this drawing seems to be in front of other shapes. The next moment, this same shape seems to be located behind a second shape. This phenomenon is called: | an ambiguous figure-ground relationship |
| The feature-analysis approach to object recognition argues that | recognition involves detecting specific characteristics of the stimulus. |
| The _____________________ theories state that we differentiate among stimuli in terms of a limited number of specific characteristics. | Feature-Analysis |
| You have no difficulty distinguishing between the letters O and W, but it takes longer to distinguish between the letters O and Q. Which theory of object recognition does this support? | Feature-analysis theory |
| What is a geon? | A 3-dimensional shape. |
| The _________________ theory argues that we recognize an object by analyzing the arrangement of simple 3-dimensional shapes that form the object. | Recognition-by-components theory |
| In front of the home of your friend is someone who somewhat resembles your friend, so you shout, “Hi, John!” You learn it is not John but his younger brother—substantially shorter and with darker hair. This error can be traced to | Top-down processing |
| According to the discussion of object recognition, | object recognition must involve both top-down and bottom-up processes. |
| You can identify a letter more accurately when it appears in a word than when it does not. This phenomenon is called the | Word Superiority effect |
| Two men are talking, and the camera focuses on Man 1 with long sideburns. The focus shifts to the other man. Then it returns to Man 1—but now his sideburns are about an inch shorter. If you fail to notice that he looks different, you are exhibiting | Change Blindness |
| Suppose that a close friend is telling you about a very emotional experience she has just had. You are paying such close attention to her that you fail to notice that some strangers have just entered the room. This incident is an example of | Inattentional blindness |
| If you favor the general mechanism approach to speech perception, you would argue that | People process speech sounds the same way they process other kinds of sounds. |
| The theorists who argue for a special mechanism approach to speech perception emphasize that humans have a special-purpose portion of the brain that makes speech perception easier. They call this special mechanism a | Phonetic Module |
| Suppose that you are watching a television talk show. The picture on your TV set is clear, but the sound is somewhat muffled. If the visual information helps you interpret some of the words that the talk-show host is saying, you are demonstrating | McGurke Effect |
| What is phonemic restoration? | When you miss a part of a word your brain fills it in with an assumption. ex. I went to the -all park, you fill in the B. |
| According to your textbook, _______ is an important “gatekeeper” that allows you to direct your mental effort toward thoughts and environmental stimuli that are most important to you at a given time. | Attention |
| Imagine that you are listening to a friend complaining about a course assignment, but you are simultaneously trying to read the newspaper. This is an example of ______________ attention. | Divided |
| Suppose that a friend at your college says that she can multitask very effectively, even when two tasks are challenging. Based on the information in Chapter 3, you would conclude that | She may believe that she can multitask effectively, but the research does not support this belief. |
| Suppose that you are sitting in a classroom, trying to follow your professor’s lecture while trying to ignore a loud conversation out in the hallway. This situation most closely resembles | A dichotic listening task. |
| Research on dichotic listening shows that | When people pay attention to one task, they normally pay little attention to other tasks. |
| The _____________ is related to selective attention because people are required to pay selective attention to the color of the stimulus, rather than the name of the stimulus. | Stroop Effect |
| Clinical psychologists have conducted research on the Stroop effect. This research shows that | Individuals who have a phobia have trouble reporting the color of words related to their phobia. |
| Psychologists have conducted studies in which the participants must detect a stimulus in a display of many other objects. According to this research, people usually detect | a feature that is present more quickly than a feature that is absent. |
| Imagine that you need to meet someone at the airport. You would notice him more quickly if he had told you “Look for the only person wearing a hat” than if he told you, “Look for the only person not wearing a hat.” This situation is most similar to | The feature-present/feature-absent effect. |
| You need saccadic eye movements when you are reading this sentence in order to | move your eye so that the next words are registered in the fovea. |
| The fact that English-speaking readers can access information about upcoming words, even though they are currently fixated on a word to the left, is referred to as | Parafoveal preview |
| Suppose that you are searching a cast list for a play to determine whether or not you received a role after auditioning. The system in your brain that is most involved in this search is the | Orienting Attention Network |
| Imagine that you are searching your room for a specific textbook. Which portion of the cortex would be most active during this search? | Parietal lobe |
| According to Anne Treisman’s feature-integration theory, | Distributed attention uses parallel search through the visual field |
| What is illusory conjunction? | Swapping information, like seeing a blue B and a green T, and being asked later what you saw, you recall it as a green B or a blue T. |
| An illusory conjunction occurs when | people are not able to use focused attention |
| You race past a large poster that shows foods in uncharacteristic colors, such as an orange strawberry and a red carrot. However, you actually perceive a red strawberry and an orange carrot. In Anne Treisman’s theory, this phenomenon would be called | Illusory Conjunction |
| Nisbett and Wilson examined people’s consciousness about their higher mental processes. According to their research, | We are often unable to introspect accurately about our thought processes. |
| Imagine that you have been on a strict diet for several weeks. No matter how hard you try, you can’t avoid thinking about chocolate chip cookies and lemon meringue pie. You are having difficulty with | Thought suppression |
| The phrase “ironic effects of mental control” means that | When we try to avoid a particular thought, it may be even more likely to enter consciousness |
| Gestalt Psychology | We tend to see as a whole vs. parts similarity, continuation, closure, proximity, figure/ground, and symmetry & order |
Created by:
Kaitlyn Causey