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BIOL - chapter 28
Protists
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When did protists evolve relative to other eukaryotes? | Protists were the first eukaryotes to evolve. |
| Which likely led to the evolution of eukaryotes from early prokaryotic organisms? | The loss of a rigid cell wall, allowing membranes to fold inward An increase in membrane flexibility, allowing for one cell to engulf another |
| Infoldings of the prokaryotic plasma membrane are thought to have given rise to the eukaryotic endomembrane system that includes which of the following? | Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and nuclear envelope |
| According to the endosymbiotic theory, non-photosynthetic, energy-producing bacteria were engulfed by larger bacteria and evolved into the organelles called ____ | mitochondria |
| What type of prokaryote might have formed endosymbiotic relationships with other larger bacteria, eventually evolving into a chloroplast? | A photosynthetic bacterium |
| Which of the following were the first eukaryotes? | Protists |
| The loss of the rigid cell wall and an increase in membrane flexibility were key evolutionary events that likely led to the evolution of | the first eukaryotes |
| The nucleus and the ER of eukaryotes are thought to have evolved | from infoldings of the plasma membrane |
| How did mitochondria originate, according to the endosymbiotic theory? | Energy-producing bacteria were engulfed by larger bacteria and eventually evolved into mitochondria. |
| Scientists hypothesize that photosynthetic bacteria were engulfed by other, larger cells and eventually evolved to become the organelles we now call | chloroplasts |
| The genome of a mitochondrion is typically composed of which of the following? | A single, circular, closed molecule of DNA, similar to that in bacteria |
| Structures used by protists for locomotion. | Flagella Pseudopods Cilia |
| Protists can exhibit both ___ and ___ reproduction | sexual and asexual |
| Current evidence suggests that multicellularity in eukaryotes evolved | multiple times |
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA which is very similar in size and character to the DNA of | bacteria or prokaryotes |
| Which of the following best describes reproduction among protists? | Protists typically reproduce asexually, but some undergo sexual reproduction regularly and others reproduce sexually only at times of stress. |
| Which of the following describes the flagella of protists in the Excavata? | Parabasalids and diplomonads have multiple flagella while euglenozoans have unique flagella. |
| Multicellularity evolved as some single eukaryotic cells started living in ____ ; eventually individual members in them began to assume different duties, i.e. they became specialized. | colonies |
| The genome of a mitochondrion is typically composed of which of the following? | A single, circular, closed molecule of DNA, similar to that in bacteria |
| Many amoebas move with "false feet," known as | pseudopods |
| The undulating membrane of parabasalids is used in which of the following? | Locomotion |
| Select features of protists in the supergroup Excavata. | They move using flagella. Many possess a feeding groove. |
| Which of the following statements is correct regarding how multicellular eukaryotes likely evolved? | Eukaryotic cells began living in colonies, and individual members began to assume different duties making the colony act as one individual. |
| Members of Euglena usually have a(n) _____ vacuole which empties its contents in the reservoir, helping regulate the ____ pressure within the organism | contractile and osmotic |
| What is the function of the undulating membranes in parabasalids? | They are used for locomotion. |
| Among euglenozoa, the kinetoplastids are a second major group that are unique because they have | a single mitochondrion in each cell |
| Which of the following statements accurately describes the flagella of Euglena? | One long flagellum and one short flagellum that is located within the reservoir |
| The presence of fine hairs on their flagella distinguish this branch of supergroup Chromalveolata from other branches. | Stramenopiles |
| Kinetoplastids are a group of Euglenozoa that characteristically have | a single mitochondrion |
| Which of the following is a branch of the supergroup SAR that is distinguished from other protists by the presence of flattened vesicles stacked in a continuous layer beneath their plasma membrane? | Alveolates |
| Based on current evidence, what is the most likely origin of chloroplasts in members of stramenopila? | A single-celled photosynthetic red alga |
| Diatoms are photosynthetic, _____ organisms with unique double shells made of silica. | unicellular |
| features of dinoflagellates. | Photosynthetic Two flagella |
| In the SAR clade that includes the dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates, a common trait is the presence of flattened vesicles below the plasma membrane called | alveoli |
| Photosynthetic stramenopile protists in the phylum Chrysophyta with double silicate shells are commonly called | diatoms |
| Red tides are usually caused by excessive numbers of ___ in the water; these protists produce red pigments that give the phenomenon its name. | dinoflagellates |
| Which of the following statements about dinoflagellates are true? | They have alveoli. Their chloroplasts are similar to those of diatoms or brown algae. They are protected by plates composed of a cellulose-like material. |
| You are designing an artificial drug-delivery "cell" that can penetrate animal cells. Which of these protist structures should provide the most likely avenue for research along these lines? | The apical complex |
| The ____ of a ciliate is diploid and functions as the germ line for sexual reproduction. | micronucleus |
| Which group of protists is responsible for "red tides?" | Dinoflagellates |
| The apical complex is a cytoskeletal and secretory complex that enables the apicomplexan to do which of the following? | Invade a host |
| Which structure in a ciliate may contain up to 1000 copies of each chromosome? | The macronucleus |
| In ciliates, sexual reproduction involves the process of ___ , during which two individual cells are attached for up to several hours. | conjugation |
| Red and green algae acquired their chloroplasts through the process of ____ endosymbiosis whereas the brown algae acquired their chloroplasts through ____ endosymbiosis | primary and secondary |
| Protists that possess two flagella, plates made of a cellulose-like material, and may be bioluminescent or produce toxins are | dinoflagellates |
| The archaeplastid group that shares a common ancestor with the land plants is | Charophyta |
| Order the steps of conjugation in ciliates, starting at the top. | 1. Two cells 2. The two partners exchange 3. In each partner 4. The macronucleus disintegrates. 5. The new diploid micronucleus 6. One of the two diploid micronuclei |
| Which of the following algal groups acquired their chloroplasts through primary endosymbiosis and are therefore classified within the group Archaeplastida? | Green algae Red algae Glaucophytes |
| Which of the following protist groups is most closely related to the land plants? | Charophyta |
| Which structure in a ciliate may contain up to 1000 copies of each chromosome? | The macronucleus |
| Red algae are grouped in the phylum | Rhodophyta |
| During conjugation in ciliates, each of the two partners receives a pair of haploid ____ from the other partner | micronuclei |
| Chlorophytes and charophytes are two lineages of which type of protist? | Green algae |
| Members of the phylum Rhodophyta are also known as | red algae |
| Which chlorophytes can exhibit haplodiplontic life cycles? | Haplodiplontic cycles are found in some multicellular chlorophytes, like Ulva. |
| Green algae include which of the following protist groups? Select all that apply. | Chlorophytes Charophytes |
| Amoebas use their pseudopods to | engulf food move |
| Evidence suggests that members of the Opisthokonta, called ____, are similar to the most likely common ancestor of all animals. | choanoflagellates |
| Ulva, a multicellular chlorophyte, has identical ____ and ____ generations that consist of flattened sheets 2 cells thick. | gametophyte and sporophyte |
| Pseudopods are flowing projections of ____ that are used by many protists for locomotion. | cytoplasm |
| Animals, fungi, and choanoflagellates are members of what supergroup? | Opisthokonta |
| The common ancestor to all animals was most likely similar to which of the following organisms? | Choanoflagellates |
| The flagellum of choanoflagellates is surrounded by a funnel-shaped contractile ____ composed of closely placed ____ | collar and filaments |
| The supergroup Opisthokonta includes which of the following? | Choanoflagellates Animals Fungi |
| What structure of the choanoflagellates is closely matched in the sponges? | The contractile funnel-shaped collar |
| Choanoflagellates have a single, emergent ___ surrounded by a funnel-shaped collar. | flagellum |
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3ugarciara
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