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Imapaired Balance
TherEx CH 8 balance and agility
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define balance or posutral stability | describes the dynamic process of the bodys position is maintained in equilibrium. it is greatest when the COM or COG is maintained over its BOS |
| define equilibrium | the body is either at rest (static) or in steady state of motion (dynamic) |
| define center of mass | a point that corresponds to the center of the total body mass and is the point at which the body is in perfect equilibrium. |
| define center of gravity | the vertical projection of the COM to the ground. (in anatomical position the COG is anterior to the second sacral vertebra or approx 55% of persons height) |
| define momentum and the two different types | the product of mass times velocity. linear momentum- relates to the velocity of the body along a straight path angular momentum- relates to rotational velocity of the body |
| define base of support | the perimeter of the contact area between the body and its support surface. foot placement alters the BOS and changes personal postural stability. |
| define limits of stability | the boundaries which an individual can maintain equilibrium without changing the BOS. |
| what is the normal anterioroposterior limit of stability range of the sway for adults? | approx 12 degrees from the most posterior and most anterior part. |
| define ground reaction force? | the force that is exerted by a body limb in contact with it. |
| define center of pressure. | the location of the vertical projection of the ground reaction force. it is equal and opposite to the weighted average of all the downward forces acting on the area in contact with the ground. |
| how does a person mainatain stability | they produce muscular forces to continually control the position of the COG, which changes the loacation of the COP. |
| what is balance control? | a complex motor control task involving the detection and integration of sensory information to assess the positionand motion of the body in space |
| what 3 things are needed with balance control? | the nervous system musckuloskeletal system enviromental effects |
| what does the nervous system provide in the balance control process? | 1.sensory processsing for preception of body orientation in space. 2. sensorimotor integreation is essential for linking to motor response 3. motor strategies for planning, programming, and executing respopnses. |
| what area of the nervous system gathers the information? | nervous system |
| what area of the nervous system processes the information | sensory integration for linking sesnsation to motor response. |
| what area of the nervous system is the output command? | the motor strateg is used for planning, programming and executing balance response. |
| name the three main sensory systems that provide info to the CNS? | visual, vestibular, somatosensory |
| what does the musculoskeletal system involve to help maintain blance control? | postural alignment, felixbility (ROM), muscle performance (power, strength, endurance), and sensation (touch, pressure, vibvration) |
| what is included in the contextual factors of balance control? | the enviroment interaction when open or closed, the support surface, light, and the effects of gravity and intertial forces. |
| what information does vision provide? | the position of the head relative to the enviroment. 2. the orientation of the head to maintain level of gaze, 3. direction of speed of head movments (when head moves the surrounding objects move opposite) |
| what is a benefit and disadvantage that the vision provides? | benefit: improves a persons stability when proprioceptive or vestibular imputs are unreliable. disadvantage: may cause inaccuracy from illusions of movementf |
| what system provides information about the position and motion of the body and the parts relative to each other and the support surface? | somatosensory system |
| what are the dominant sensory inputs to mainaintain balance on a flat fixed surface? | MUSCLE PROPREOCEPTORS (which include GTO and spindles- muscle length and tensionand the joint receptors for joint position and movement) AND SKIN MECHANORECPETORS (vibration, light, deep pressure) |
| what is the primary role of the joint receptors? | to assist the gamma motor system in regulating muscle tone and stiffness and to counteract anticpatory disturbances |
| which system provides info about the position and movement of the head with respect to gravity and inertial forces? | vestibular system |
| what detects angular acceleration of the head? | recpetors in the semiciruclar canals |
| what detects the linear acceleration of the head position? | receptors in the otoliths (utricle and saccule) |
| which repectors respond to slow head movements and which responds to fast head mvoements? | otoliths- slow head movements semicircular canal- fast head movments |
| true or false. can the vestibular system give the position of the body by itself? | false- needs help from mehcanoreceptors in the neck |
| what is vestibulospinal reflex? | postural changes that compensate for movements |
| what is the vestibule-ocular reflex? | stabilizes vision during head and body movements. |
| what is the sensory organization? | the process of the CNS to determine which systems to use or integrate when one does not work correctly. |
| where is the incoming sensory info processed? | the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and supplementary motor areas |
| list in order the systems from fastest to shortest response time. | somatosensory info, visual, vestibular inputs |
| list the different types of functional tasks for balance control. | static, dynamic, automatic postural reactions, feed forward, anticapatory control, closed loop control |
| what type of balance control maintains stable antigravity position while at rest? | static balance control |
| explain what the dynamic balance control is used for? | stabilizes the body when suppport surface is moving or body is moving on support surface |
| how does the automatic postural reaction work? | maintains balance to unexpected external pertrurbations |
| what is another name for open loop motor control and what is it used for? | aka: feed forward , used when movements occur too fast to relybon sensory feedback or anticapatory aspects of posutral control. |
| when does the activation of the anticapatory control take place? | anticapatory activates postural muscles in advance of movement. it is a planned reaction |
| what is the closed loop control? | its utilized for percision movements that require sensory feedback |
Created by:
brittanyj0722
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