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ANFS 251 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Animals that can use large amounts of forages have a stomach or large intestine that allows what? | pre-gastric microbial fermentation (ruminants) and post-gastric microbial fermentation (horses or rabbits) |
| Are complex carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose) easily broken down? | no; mammals don't have the correct enzymes |
| Are simple polysaccharides easily broken down? | yes |
| Are the microorganisms in the gut alive? What do they do? | yes; they eat and secrete things |
| Avian do not have teeth, therefore they must rely on ______. | beaks or claws to reduce food |
| Birds have two rather large ceca: what are they used for? | they are mostly non-functional, therefore birds can't have high fiber |
| Can birds utilize large amounts of fibrous plant materials? If so/not, why? | no, they don't have a rumen and their cecum is not very functional |
| Can carbohydrates be stored? | only a little; usually as glucose or glycogen |
| Can cellulose be easily digested by mammals? How is it digested? | no; only by microbial organisms in the GIT |
| Can omnivores handle large amounts of fiber? | They can handle more than birds, but not as much as herbivores (due to their functioning cecum) |
| Can one pasture contain both grasses and legumes? | yes, used for complete diets for ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores |
| Can starch be easily digested by mammals? | yes |
| Carbohydrates are metabolized to provide what? | energy (calories) |
| Cereal grains are high in starch, but it's not found in stems and leaves-- where is it found? | seed heads |
| Do all birds have a crop? What is the crops main function? | no, not all birds have it; it is used for storage |
| Do animals have a requirement for carbohydrates? What do they have a requirement for instead? | no; calories |
| Do non-ruminants have bacterial fermentation (microorganisms)? If so, where are they? | Yes, in the cecum/colon; anatomically after the major site of absorption |
| Do pigs have sweat glands? How do they cool off instead? | no; they wallow in mud |
| Does digestibility increase or decrease as a plant ages? | decrease |
| Does humidity increase or decrease water loss from the skin? Wind? | decreases; increases |
| Does the bolus stay in the reticulorumen in ruminants? | no, it is regurgitated back to the mouth allowing the animal to chew its cud |
| Does water loss increase or decrease when animals increase feed consumption? | increase |
| Forages and roughages are generally ______ in fiber. | high |
| Generally grass/legume mixture is not seeded at more than ____________ by weight. | 1/3 |
| High cellulose is more __________. | acetic |
| High cereal grains are more ______. | propionic |
| High quality protein sources are partially degraded in order to produce what? | ammonia |
| How are cereal grains harvested? | combine harvests wheat-removing the seed heads-leaving the stems in the field |
| How are different forms of VFAs produced? | with different substrates |
| How are monosaccharides transported to where they can be used? | carried in the blood |
| How do diets for animals work? How are different plants/nutrients put together? | Some diets are already formulated, while others are specially formulated for specific animals |
| How does bloat occur? | when froth forms in the rumen; usually after consuming legume species or a high-concentrate diet |
| How does the food travel through the ruminant's digestive tract? | esophagus, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, intestine |
| How does water aid in digestion? | with saliva, enzymes, and digestive fluids |
| How does water quality affect feed/water intake? | as the quality decreases, so does feed/water intake |
| How is metabolic water formed? | chemically released by reactions in the body |
| How is pH neutralized in the small intestine? | by bile salts |
| How is silage created? | plants harvested when still have considerable moisture; chopped and put in a storage container; warm, moist environment in the container; results in microbial growth; microbes produce acids; preserve the plant material |
| How is water lost from the skin's surface? | evaporation (from sweat) |
| How many bacteria are in the gut? | 25-80 billion per mL |
| How much amylase is secreted into the small intestine? | very little |
| How much do ruminants masticate before ingesting the food? | only to a limited extent; food will be regurgitated and re-masticated later. |
| How much does the beef industry lose due to fescue toxicity annually? | 500 million- 1 billion $ |
| How much of the dry matter of forages do carbohydrates make up? Grains? | 70%; 80% |
| How much water can a cow lose in her milk in a day? | up to 9 gallons |
| How much water is found in feeds? | depends what feed (pasture higher % than hay) |
| How much water loss occurs in the feces? | depends on species; reflects water content in food |
| Is the way the microbes degrade starches the most efficient way? | No, would be more efficient if the original carbohydrates were digested and absorbed from the small intestine |
| Is water chemically bound in the feed? | no, only associated with it |
| Many animals can't break down cellulose, hemicellulose, etc.; where does this digestion occur in animals that can? | rumen, cecum, and colon |
| Other enzymes make up the ______________ of the duodenum. | mucosal lining |
| Ruminant animals are well adapted to diets consisting of primarily what? | fibrous plant materials (because of pre-gastric fermentation) |
| Sizes of the different pieces of the GIT differ in different species for what reason? | different parts are bigger which indicate where digestion takes place |
| The GIT is the major route for excretion and some net excretion of ______________. | mineral elements |
| The microbes convert 8-10% of the carbohydrates to what? | methane (considered wasteful) |
| Water is what percent of body weight? | 75% |
| What affects an animal's water requirement? | type of diet the animal consumes and environmental conditions |
| What animal lacks a gallbladder? | horses |
| What animals usually have a bigger large intestine? | herbivorous species |
| What are 3 sources of water? | Feed, drinking, metabolic water |
| What are 5 carbon monosaccharides called? | pentoses |
| What are 6 carbon monosaccharides called? | hexoses |
| What are amino acids used for? | protein synthesis |
| What are carbs made of? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
| What are cereal grains used for in animal feed? | energy |
| What are complex stomached animals called? | ruminants |
| What are dietary carbohydrates converted into? | monosaccharides |
| What are four important things water contributes to? | digestion, move nutrients, removes waste, and regulates temperature |
| What are glucose and fructose examples of? | monosaccharides |
| What are incisor teeth used for in herbivores? | used to nip off plant materials |
| What are legumes used for in animal feed? | protein |
| What are pastures? (who eats them, makes them, etc.) | collections of plants that ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores graze and eat, they are natural (native), and man-made (planted by men, and excess growth is harvested and preserved) |
| What are probiotics? | supplemental bacteria- fermented foods=high bacteria |
| What are simple polysaccharides? | sugars and starches |
| What are simple stomached animals called? | monogastric (non-ruminants) |
| What are some common microorganisms that affect the quality of water? | algae, protozoa, hydrocarbons, pesticides, and industrial chemicals |
| What are some examples of cereal grains? | wheat, rye, sorghum, barley, oats, and corn |
| What are some examples of monogastric herbivores? | horses, rabbits, elephants, and manatees |
| What are some examples of monogastric omnivores? | pigs, chickens, and dogs |
| What are some examples of non-nutritional/environmental quality issues with water? | ice forming on surface, taste, and temperature |
| What are some examples of polysaccharides? | starch and cellulose |
| What are some examples of ruminant herbivores? | cows, sheep, and giraffes |
| What are some forage-type legumes that do not have beans? | alfalfa and white clover |
| What are some legumes found in pastures? | alfalfa and clovers |
| What are some minerals found in water? | chloride, sodium, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, and bicarbonate |
| What are some other functions of saliva? | keeping the mouth moist, aiding taste mechanisms, providing digestive enzymes, and acting as a buffer |
| What are some types of carbohydrates? | gums, pectin, and cellulose |
| What are some ways water is lost from the body? | lost in the urine, feces, lungs, skin surface, feed, and milk |
| What are stored carbohydrates used for? Where are they stored? | regulation of blood glucose; rapid release in muscular activity |
| What are the 3 parts of the large intestine? | cecum, colon, rectum |
| What are the 4 main things the GIT does? | digests food |
| absorbs essential nutrients | |
| conservation of water | |
| synthesis of essential vitamins and other nutrients | |
| What are the 4 regions in the stomach? | Non-glandular, cardiac, fundic, and pyloric |
| What are the cereal grain stalks used for bedding called? | straw |
| What are the microbes in the gut mixed with? | feed passing through the GIT |
| What are the molars used for in herbivores? | grinding plant fibers |
| What are the most common grasses seeded in pastures? | Orchardgrass, Timothy Grass, Perennial Ryegrass, Reed Canarygrass, Kentucky Blue Grass, Tall Fescue |
| What are the most common simple sugars in feed? | glucose and fructose |
| What are the mouth and associated structures used for in the digestive system? | grasping and masticating (chewing) food |
| What are the muscular contractions that move bolus into the GIT? | peristalsis |
| What are the three sections of the small intestine? | duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
| What are three or more monosaccharides together called? | polysaccharides |
| What are two monosaccharides together called? | disaccharides |
| What are VFAs primarily used for? | used as energy source |
| What are villi? What do they do? | small fingerlike projections in the small intestine; increase surface area for absorption |
| What can froth inhibit? | eructation |
| What categories of plants can be turned into silage? | both grasses and legumes |
| What category do soybeans fit into? What is it commonly processed into? What is this high in? | bean-type legume; soybean oil/meal; protein, especially non-ruminants |
| What causes fescue toxicity? | Tall fescue contains a fungus that produces a toxin which effects heart, blood, appetite hormones, gut mobility, muscle contractions, and body temperature. |
| What determines an animal's diet? | the GIT |
| What determines how long an animal needs to ruminate? | how coarse and fibrous an animal's diet is |
| What do animals burn calories to do? | fuel the metabolism |
| What do animals provide in their symbiotic relationship? Microorganisms? | feed, heat, moisture, and waste removal; aid in digestion of complex carbs and produce vitamins |
| What do animals with a simple stomach and intestines (like poultry) need to be fed? | highly digestible diets with high-quality nutrient sources |
| What do avian species have instead of a simple stomach? | crop, proventriculus, and gizzard |
| What do carnivores eat? | meat |
| What do carnivores use their teeth for? | tearing of muscle and bone; pointed molars are adapted for crushing bones and masticating food |
| What do herbivores eat? | plants |
| What do microbial organisms produce? | VFAs |
| What do omnivores eat? | both plants and meat |
| What do omnivores use their incisor teeth for? | to bite off pieces of food |
| What do the enzymes secreted by the duodenum do? | convert proteins and carbohydrates into amino acids and monosaccharides |
| What do the microbes degrade sugars and starches into? | Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) |
| What do the microbes secrete? Good things or bad things? | Good things- vitamins, nitrogen, VFAs |
| Bad things- methane gas | |
| What does amylase break starch down to? | maltose |
| What does bloat cause? | reduced performance and many deaths |
| What does lignin combine with in plants? | the cellular wall |
| What does microbial fermentation need to function? | energy |
| What does mucin do in the stomach? | prevents the stomach tissues from being digested |
| What does rumination benefit? | aids the digestion of fibrous feed components by reducing particle size |
| What does rumination do? | reduces size of the pieces of food, increasing surface area for microbes to attach |
| What does the 150 liters of saliva produced in a cow help to maintain? | moisture and pH |
| What does the abomasum do? | has the same function as the glandular stomach in monogastric species |
| What does the bolus turn into? | chyme |
| What does the contraction of muscular lining of the stomach cause? | mixing and a decrease in the pH |
| What does the omasum look like? What does it do? | various sized leaves extending into the lumen; prevents large particles from leaving the rumen |
| What does the presence of bolus in the stomach cause? | secretion of HCl and enzymes, contraction of the muscular lining, and mucin coating the lining of the stomach |
| What does the reticular (esophageal) groove do? | allows milk to bypass the reticulorumen; goes directly to the omasum and abomasum |
| What does the reticulum look like? | honeycomb |
| What does the rumen do? | causes feed to be mixed; course fibrous feeds are regurgitated and rechewed |
| What does the rumen in young ruminants depend on? | digestion in the abomasum and small intestine |
| What does the rumen look like? | has tongue-like projections called papillae; has several strong muscular pillars which contract in a rhythmic manner |
| What does the saliva do for the digestive tract? | acts as a buffer and neutralizes acids produced in the rumen |
| What else does bile do in the small intestine? | it emulsifies (breaks down) fats |
| What good things do microbes do? | Digests fiber well |
| Are the only enzymes that can digest cellulose and hemicellulose | |
| Can use nitrogen sources (like ammonia) to produce more bacteria | |
| Reduces the animal's dependence on high-quality protein | |
| Synthesizes vitamins (except A, D, and E) | |
| What groups of animals can eat forage plants? | ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores |
| What happens if an animal gets more carbohydrates than they can digest? | they can have diarrhea |
| What happens to feed consumption when water consumption is reduced? | feed consumption decreases; not enough water to help break down feed (?) |
| What happens with the stems of the cereal grains? | the stalks are left in the field and often cut, dried in the sun, and baled for animal bedding |
| What has to mature in order for the animal to digest more complex carbs? | papillae in the rumen |
| What helps to determine the GIT? | what food an animal eats |
| What is a concern with fescue in pastures? | the potential for fescue toxicity |
| What is a large component in cow's saliva? | sodium bicarbonate |
| What is absorbed in the large intestine? | water and organic acids |
| What is absorption? | crossing the cellular lining (membranes) of the GI tract |
| What is active absorption? | nutrients are pumping into the cell, often against a concentration gradient |
| What is an example of a monogastric carnivore? | cat |
| What is an indication that something important is happening in the GIT? | large sacculations |
| What is Bi pass protein? | chemically modified protein to only be digested by ruminants (not bacteria) |
| What is chewing the cud called? | rumination |
| What is chyme? Where does it go? | acidic material resembling a thick slurry; enters the small intestine which is the primary site for enzymatic digestion |
| What is circulation? | transporting the nutrients to locations in the body where they're needed |
| What is coprophagy? | animals eating their own poop |
| What is created when glucose and fructose combine? | sucrose (table sugar) |
| What is digestion? | converting complex feed nutrients (such as protein, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and minerals) into absorbable forms |
| What is dry matter? | no water is present: only that feed |
| What is eructation? | burping |
| What is feed efficiency? | lb of feed per lb of gain |
| What is fescue a good source of? | protein |
| What is fescue? | a legume planted in man-made pasture |
| What is forage? | plant that contains a lot of indigestible carbohydrates in the form of cellulose or hemicellulose. High in fiber, found in pasture. |
| What is in charge of the peristalsis that moves food? | the central nervous system |
| What is lignin? | an indigestible polymer |
| What is likely meant when a structure in the GIT is larger? | it is very important |
| What is made when glucose and galactose are combined? | lactose |
| What is metabolism? | the body using the absorbed nutrients |
| What is microbial digestion? | type and number of microorganisms depends on amount of undigested food constituents |
| What is microbial fermentation? | microbial organisms living in GIT and are passed along |
| What is most commonly used to compare feeds? | dry matter basis |
| What is passive absorption? | when nutrients go from higher to lower concentration |
| What is post-gastric fermentation? | nutrients not usually absorbed; formed after the main site of digestion |
| What is pre-gastric fermentation? | the rumen is located before the small intestine (before the major site of absorption) |
| What is produced with the breakdown of complex carbs? | VFAs, CO2, water, and heat |
| What is silage made from hay called? | haylage |
| What is starch a good source of? | energy (calories) |
| What is symbiosis? | mutually beneficial relationship between rumen microorganisms and animals |
| What is the ammonia resynthesized into? | microbial protein (intermediate-quality) |
| What is the cardiac region of the stomach lined with? What do these cells do? | epithelial cells; secrete mucin |
| What is the gizzard used for? | tough, muscular organ that grinds up food |
| What is the largest section of the ruminant GIT? | rumen or paunch |
| What is the liver the active site of? | detoxification |
| What is the main cause of bacterial imbalance? What can this cause? | stress; diarrhea |
| What is the main energy source for horses? | glucose |
| What is the main function of the rectum? | eliminates indigestible components |
| What is the major disadvantage of microbial fermentation? | the downgrading of dietary protein is wasteful |
| What is the mix of food and saliva called? | bolus |
| What is the most abundant nutrient in many animal diets? | carbohydrates |
| What is the primary building block in most plants? | glucose |
| What is the primary component found in livestock feeds? | carbohydrates |
| What is the primary mode of digestion in non-ruminants? | bacterial fermentation |
| What is the primary source of amylase? | pancreas |
| What is the primary subunit in most carbohydrates? | glucose |
| What is the process for microbes breaking down food? | ruminant eats the feed; then the microbes use energy sources and digest it; the leftover feed, microbes, and their products are digested and absorbed by the ruminant, and methane is removed |
| What is the proventriculus used for? | produces gastric secretions |
| What is the result of an animal not drinking enough water? | no growth, energy, nutrients, or milk production, poor temperature regulation, and hinders all metabolic processes |
| What is the simplest form of carbohydrates? | monosaccharides (sugar) |
| What is thermoregulation? | water absorbs a large amount of heat; sweating, panting, and evaporation |
| What is urea? | cheap nitrogen that feeds bacteria |
| What legumes are usually seeded in pastures? | wild white clover, ladino white clover, alfalfa |
| What lines the stomach and aids in the production of bolus gastric secretions? | secretory tissues |
| What mix of plants is extremely common in animal feed? | grasses and pasture legumes |
| What plants are used for silage? What is the most commonly used plant? | Many plants can be used; corn is most widely used |
| What plants do non-ruminants use for protein? | oilseed meals and bean-type legumes (soybeans) |
| What plants is cellulose most abundant in? | forages or high fiber plants |
| What plants that are used in animal foods are considered forages and roughages? (categories) | grasses (both fresh and pasture), forage, and silage |
| What process occurs in the rumen for the breakdown of cellulose? | they eat solid food, bacterial and protozoal populations gradually develop |
| What produces bile in the GIT? | gallbladder |
| What purpose do the jejunum and ileum have? | continuation of enzymatic digestion; they are the primary site of absorption of nutrients in monogastric animals |
| What quality protein are bacteria considered? Pasture? | medium; low |
| What secretions are produced from the non-glandular region of the stomach? | no digestive enzymes are produced |
| What side do cattle swell on with bloat? | left |
| What size is the large intestine in avian species relative to other animals? | very short |
| What size is the small intestine in avian species relative to other animals? | relatively longer |
| What structure in avians is closest to the stomach in monogastric animals? | proventriculus |
| What structures do ruminants have instead of a simple stomach? | reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum |
| What structures don't omnivores have that break down the high percentages of hemicellulose and cellulose in forage plants? | rumen or substantial hind-gut, post-gastric (cecal) microbial fermentation |
| What teeth do ruminants lack that herbivores have? | upper incisors |
| What two forms of classification do nutritionists use to formulate diets? | What the animal eats and what their GIT looks like |
| What type of animal can survive on lower quality plant materials? | non-ruminant herbivores (like horses and rabbits) |
| What type of cells does the pyloric region of the stomach have? | neck and body chief cells |
| What types of cells are in the fundic region of the stomach and what do they secrete? | parietal cells-hydrochloric acid (HCl) |
| neck chief cells-mucin | |
| body chief cells-pepsinogen, renin, and lipase | |
| What types of grasses are used in animal feed? (types of processing and plant examples) | fresh (pasture) and preserved (hay); Timothy, rye, and fescue |
| What types of legumes are used in animal feed? (basic categories and examples) | Beans (soybeans) and Forage (alfalfa and clover) |
| What types of plants are in animal feed? | cereal grains, legumes, grasses, silage, forbs and others |
| What types of plants is starch found in? | grains, tubers, and other roots; also pastures, hays, and silage |
| What varies greatly in the large intestine in animals? | length, diameter, and extent of sacculation |
| When do the reticulum and rumen become fully functional in sheep? In cattle? | 8 weeks; 6-9 months |
| When is it especially important to consider these minerals when formulating mineral supplements? | in areas where amounts of dissolved solids are increased |
| When is metabolic water released so that the animal can utilize it? | during the metabolism of feedstuffs |
| Where are amino acids absorbed? | small intestine |
| Where are indigestible polymers found most in plants? | the stem |
| Where are monosaccharides absorbed? | small intestine |
| Where are starch and cellulose found most abundantly? | plants |
| Where are the seeds found on cereal grains? | seed heads |
| Where are the undigested, coarse foods collected? | reticulum |
| Where are VFAs absorbed? What are they used for? | rumen wall; energy source |
| Where are VFAs primarily absorbed? | directly from the reticulorumen |
| Where are villi found? What do they do? | small intestine; facilitate the transport of nutrients out of the gut and into the circulatory system |
| Where can animals acquire calories from? | carbs, fats, and proteins (carbs most abundant) |
| Where do cereal grains put their nutrients? | in the seeds; especially energy (in the form of starch) |
| Where does the bolus travel in non-ruminants? In ruminants? | the stomach; reticulorumen |
| Where is amylase found? | salivary glands of some species |
| Where is lactose found? | only in milk |
| Where is silage stored? | silos, silage bags or bunks sealed with plastic |
| Where is sucrose found? | plants like sugar cane and sugar beets |
| Where is the alpha bond found? Beta bond? | corn; hay, etc. |
| Which animal is affected by fescue toxicity more often: sheep or cattle? | cattle |
| Which animal's stomach does not mix food a lot? | horses |
| Which bond is more easily broken by mammals: alpha or beta? | alpha bond |
| Why are carbs so common in diets? | they are plentiful and cheap |
| Why are grasses important in animal feed? | they have different nutrients and growth characteristics |
| Why are microbes good? | the microbes eat the good protein then the cows eat the microorganisms |
| Why are monogastric diets more expensive? | because they require higher quality protein sources along with highly digestible cereal grains |
| Why are pasture legumes important in animal feed? | protein source |
| Why are the different parts of the GIT important to know and differentiate in different species? | so that the correct diets can be fed |
| Why are the stems used for bedding instead of food? Why is that the case? | Because they do not contain many nutrients; nutrients are concentrated in the seed head |
| Why do animals eat their own poop? | the potential lack of absorption in the GIT; therefore eating the poop allows them to have a second chance to absorb the nutrients |
| Why do omnivores have limited ability to digest fibrous plant carbohydrates? | they have less complex digestive tracts |
| Why doesn't water change the quantity of nutrients found in feed? | because they are found in the dry matter portion of the feed |
| Why is alfalfa a common legume to plant? (most common) | has a high yield potential, forage quality, and compatibility with grasses |
| Why is bacterial fermentation known better in ruminants than non-ruminants? | since they're post-gastric in non-ruminants, the majority of the benefit is excreted out since they do not have a chance to utilize the nutrients |
| Why is eructation important? | it allows harmful carbon dioxide and methane to escape the body avoiding bloat |
| Why is feed conversion in ruminants lower than in monogastric animals? | differences in feed types and how they are digested |
| Why is ladino white clover a common legume to plant? | more appropriate for use with tall grasses |
| Why is orchardgrass so common? | it grows well in the shade |
| Why is Reed Canarygrass so common? | it tolerates droughts well |
| Why is saliva mixed with food? | bolus is coated with saliva to lubricate it and make it easier to swallow |
| Why is starch less able to digest in the small intestine? | it doesn't have much amylase |
| Why is Tall Fescue so common? (most abundant) | deep rooted and persistent |
| Why is Timothy grass so common? | it has a high yield and does well in the winter |
| Why is wild white clover a common legume to plant? | for its shallow roots |
| Will the percentage of nutrients change when water is added? | yes |
| Young ruminants are born with a non-functional what? | rumen |
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